The Issue of the Utilization of Thermal Resources in Somogy County (1960-1990)

The purpose of the study. To examine how the situation of thermal tourism in Somogy county developed during the period of socialism. The importance of the use of thermal wells for tourism or industrial purposes was considered by the county council and the organizations of the Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party (MSZMP). Applied methods. Literature review, especially the development of thermal tourism. The overview includes general processing of economic and tourism history. We place great emphasis on the use of archival materials. It is also important to examine the local press and use the collections of legislation. Outcomes. In Hungary, more and more economic policy measures have been taken since the 1960s to develop tourism. In some rural areas, this was linked to the increased number of oil drillings at the time, as hot water was found in many cases during the test drillings, on which thermal tourism could later be built. Despite the fact that Somogy County was already a prominent tourist destination through Lake Balaton, until the mid-1970s, 22 springs were found during the test drillings where the temperature of the water breaking to the surface exceeded 35 °C. Some of these wells were closed, but the issue of their exploitation could not be circumvented, which caused a number of problems due to a lack of material and human resources. At the same time, the Somogy County Council and county organizations of the Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party (MSZMP) took the issue of thermal tourism extremely seriously and developed a concept for their development on two occasions. However, this only applied only to four major spas: Nagyatád, Igal, Csokonyavisonta and Kaposvár. The smaller spas were entrusted to local maintainers.

Cartographic modeling of the temperature fields of the land fund of the Novosibirsk region using satellite data of the MODIS/Terra spectroradiometer

The results of cartographic modeling of the temperature fields of soils of the land fund of the Novosibirsk region using satellite data obtained by the MODIS/Terra spectroradiometer are considered. The developed cartographic models give a clear idea of the spatial structure of the temperature fields of the soil cover of the Novosibirsk region and the qualitative changes in the temperature regime of soils in different years. According to the data of daytime and nighttime surveys, the peculiarities of the temperature distribution of the soil cover for 2001 and 2010 were established. The values of the average annual temperature of the underlying surface for 2001–2014 were calculated. It is assumed that thermal resources not reflected in the generalization of zonal zoning can be identified on cartographic models. These resources have independent ecological significance and characterize the diversity of landscape, anthropogenic and other types of climate.

A short story of quantum and information thermodynamics

This Colloquium is a fast journey through the build-up of key thermodynamical concepts, i.e. work, heat and irreversibility -- and how they relate to information. Born at the time of industrial revolution to optimize the exploitation of thermal resources, these concepts have been adapted to small systems where thermal fluctuations are predominant. Extending the framework to quantum fluctuations is a great challenge of quantum thermodynamics, that opens exciting research lines e.g. measurement fueled engines or thermodynamics of driven-dissipative systems. On a more applied side, it provides the tools to optimize the energetic consumption of future quantum computers.

The state of heat resources and yield dynamics of the field crops in the conditions of the northern Steps of Ukraine

The most important environmental factors for the environment and habitat of plants include temperature. Agro-industrial production requires up-to-date information on the state of thermal resources and the response of plants to global warming within each region. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the state of thermal resources and the dynamics of crop yields in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine. Material for the research was the results of observations of the temperature regime of the AISW Dnipro (1961–1990 and 1991–2018) and data of winter wheat, spring barley, corn, sunflower in stationary experiments on control variants (DPDG “Dnipro”). Statistical data were used to evaluate the data by period: arithmetic mean (M); standard deviation (S); confidence interval (CL0.05) probability (P); repeatability (P × 100 %). Statistical processing was performed using applications in Excel 2003 and Statistica (version 6). Analysis of the thermal regime data showed that in 1991–2018, the average temperature for the year increased by 1.0 °C compared to the climatic norm (1961–1990), by 0.9 °C during the warm and cold periods. vegetation period of early cereals and late crops – by 0.8–1.0 °С. The average rate of increase in the average annual temperature in 1961–2018 was 0.31 ° C/10 years. Between 1991 and 2018, there were 15 cases with temperatures above 9.5 °C, with a recurrence rate of up to 53 %. The last decade (2009–2018) is characterized by a further increase in temperature during the year – by 1.5 ° C, the vegetation of early cere-als – by 1.6 °C, and late crops – by 2.0 °C. It is established that the warming is due to the temperature increase in the cold season – in January, February and March by 1.1,71.7 °C. Positive anomalies occur in July and August (+1.5 ° C). For estimating thermal resources, the important characteristics are the average temperature of the coldest and warmest months of the year. January 10-year average temperatures steadily increased from (-6.5) °C in 1961–1970, to (-4.0) °C in 2011–2018. Their annual variability decreased. The recurrence of high temperature (> -5 °C) in January increased from 34–35 % in 1961–1980 to 73 % in 2011–2018. The average values of July temperatures for 10 annual cycles have steadily increased from 20.8 to 23.0 °C since 1970. The recurrence of temperature> 23.0 °C for 1961–1970 was 2 cases and has increased 2.5 times in recent years. This increases the likelihood of sleepless periods. The positive trend leads to a shift in the dates of the steady transition of the average daily air temperature through 5 °C and the duration of the growing season. Over the last 18 years (2001–2018), it increased by 11–16 days (225 and 209–214). The incidence of such cases increased from 22 % to 44–50 %. At the same time, the increase in the duration of the period with an average daily temperature of ≥10 °C is not statistically significant. The average sums of effective temperatures ≥5 °C over the 10-year cycles in 2011–2018 were 2711 °C, which is 347 °C higher than the base period (1961–1990). Temperature totals increase linearly from 1971 to 2018. However, their recurrence (≥2711) in 2011–2018 sharply increases to 50 %. A close correlation (R2 = 0.75) was established between the duration of the period at ≥5 °C and the sum of effective heat ≥5 °C. A similar trend is typical for effective temperatures at ≥10 °C. The results of the accounting of crops show that for the whole period of observations their average values were: winter wheat (steam) – 4.44 t/ha; spring barley – 2.40 t/ha; corn – 4.32 t/ha; sunflower – 2.15 t/ha. Their distribution was characterized by significant fluctuations due to the variability of weather conditions. However, its maximum levels were noted in the post base period. Against the background of increasing supply of thermal resources in the region, there is an increase in their average yield: steam of winter – by 36 % (3.76 and 5.12 t/ha); spring barley – 24 % (2.14 and 2.65 t/ha ), corn – 11 % (4.14 and 4.59 t/ha), sunflower – 30 % (1.86 and 2.42 t/ha). The probability of forming the optimal yield level of steam winter, spring barley, corn and sunflower (≥4,44; ≥2,40; ≥4,32; ≥2,15 t/ha, respectively, for crops) in the post base period reaches 56–76 % whereas in 1961–1990 it was 25–43 %. Keywords: thermal resources, sum of temperatures, field crops, yield dynamics, adaptive properties.