ARTISTIC AND GRAPHIC DESIGN OF ADVERTISEMENTS OF THE LATE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURY (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE KYIV CALENDARS)

Aim: to explore the means of artistic and graphic design of advertisements in periodicals of the late nineteenth – early twentieth century. Methodology. The historical, analytical, iconographic methods have been used in the research; the methods of formal, figurative-stylistic, and comparative analysis have been used for analyzing the samples of advertisements. Results. The analysis of advertisements of periodicals "Kyiv Calendar" of 1989 and "Kyiv Zemsky Calendar and reference book for 1911" is presented in the work in terms of artistic and graphic means (composition, fonts, stylistic features of fonts, images, the nature of images, graphic decorative elements) and terms of tools influencing consumer motivation. Advertisers have been found to use a variety of fonts, highlighting company and institution names, creating messages with textual information only, and combining text with an image to give a potential customer an associative view of the product. Logos and trademarks in this period in the published messages are almost not observed, the companies provided information with the name of the product, the name of the owner, and address. Scientific novelty. Abilities of print advertising at the end of XIX – the beginning of the XX centuries have been analyzed, the means of artistic and graphic design of advertisements and tools of influencing motivation of potential consumers have been revealed. Practical significance. The revealed peculiarities of artistic and graphic design of advertisements in periodicals of the end of XIX – beginning of XX centuries based on the materials of the Kyiv calendars provide an idea of the approaches and capabilities of artists and printing houses in creating advertising forms for the promotion of goods and services in the market. The analyzed samples of advertising introduce the variety, names, and characteristics of goods and services of the analyzed period.

An overview on the nomenclatural and phylogenetic problems of native Asian brine shrimps of the genus Artemia Leach, 1819 (Crustacea, Anostraca)

The genus Artemia Leach, 1819 is a cosmopolitan halophilic crustacean, consisting of bisexual species and obligate parthenogenetic populations. Asia is rich in Artemia biodiversity. More than 530 Artemia sites have been recorded from this area and more than 20 species/subspecies/variety names have been used for them. There exist various problems in the nomenclature, identification, and phylogenetic status of Artemia native to Asia, which are discussed in this paper.

A taxonomic revision of the genus Bacopa (Gratioleae, Plantaginaceae) in Argentina

In the present work a revision of Bacopa for Argentina is presented. In this country the genus is integrated by twelve native taxa: eleven species and one variety. Full descriptions, along with distribution information, nomenclatural and taxonomical remarks and illustrations are provided. Two new synonyms are proposed, lectotypes are designated for the species and variety names: Bacopa congesta (second-step lectotype), B. congesta var. hirsuta, B. dubia, B. hassleriana, B. pedersenii, B. ranaria var. guaranitica, B. simulans, Bramia indica, Gratiola repens, Herpestis salzmannii, Herpestis tweedii (second-step lectotype), and a neotype is designated for Monniera rotundifolia.

Handling Old Transylvanian Apple Variety Names in Translation

This paper is related to the problems of translating horticultural terms and names. We deal with the translation issues of botanical names in general, then we focus on some old apple varietal names (Pónyik, Batul, Tányéralma, etc.) and the way these names are treated in English/Romanian texts. We also present some aspects related to the historical background of name giving and pomology. Our aim is to identify the main tendencies of such names in scientific writings and other types of texts. Prior to the publication of the Cultivated Code in the 1950s, the situation of varietal names was rather ambiguous, and sometimes several varietal names were circulating for the very same fruit variety or cultivar. That is why today we still talk about synonymy and translation in the field of variety names despite the fact that the Code stipulates a preference for non-translation. We also attempt to analyse the etymological implications of the above mentioned apple variety names, as especially Pónyik and Batul are equally claimed by Hungarian and Romanian pomologists.

A numerical system of classification for chlorites and septechlorites

SummaryOnly two, or at most three, variables can be considered on a two-dimensional composition diagram; six variables must be fixed to completely define a variety of the chlorite or septechlorite groups. The positions of tetrahedral coordination may be described by a single variable and positions of sixfold coordination require three independent variables for complete definition. The number of OH− ions is probably very near the theoretical value of eight, however, it may vary somewhat from this value, and, in so doing, influences the ratio of trivalent and bivalent cations in octahedral coordination.The normal 14 Å chlorites and 7 Å septechlorites have traditionally been associated together and, although they represent two distinct structural groups, are considered together for classification purposes, since they share many identical variety compositions; a sixth variable denotes structural type, as determined by X-ray powder diffraction or D.T.A.Each chlorite or septechlorite variety can be described by a numerical notation (chlorite number) consisting of six units and, by dividing the chlorite numbers into units according to accepted nomenclature, each possible chlorite composition can be assigned a variety name, and all variety names can be assigned to a definite composition range.

SEVEN NEW NAMES IN THE GENUS TIPHIA (HYMENOPTERA, SCOLIIDAE)

In checking over the described species of Tiphia the writer found seven uncorrected homonyms in the genus. Since the activities of the U. S. Department of Agriculture in fighting the Japanese beetle (Popilla japonica) have partially taken on the aspect of biological control, and many species of Asiatic Tiphia have been imported into America, it seems advisable to the writer that the following corrections of specific and variety names be made immediately :Tiphia intermedia var. EXITIALIS n. n.