Surface wind at Leh

Leh airfield normally experiences gale speed surface winds during the period from April to October. From November to March, the winds are relatively weak. The reason for the gale strength speed appears to be the channelling effect. Katabatlc /anabatic flows or Foehn effects do not appear to be the significant contributory factors. There are numerous points along the river Indus where similar gale strength speeds are encountered and hence these appear to be good wind energy prospecting potential sites.

Труды Маргианской археологической экспедиции. Том 8. Исследования Гонур-депе в 2015–2019 годах

Данный выпуск Трудов включает значительный мемориальный раздел, посвященный ушедшим из жизни коллегам, основателям данной серии и друзьям Маргианской экспедиции — П.М. Кожину, М.Ф. Косареву и О. Леконту. Публикуется ряд неизвестных ранее работ П.М. Кожина. Приводится информация о раскопках 2015–¬2019 гг. на Гонуре и в музеях Туркменистана, дается архитектурный анализ ряда сооружений Гонура и описываются особенности технологии изготовления керамики, а также анализируются остеологические данные. Публикуются результаты изучения могильников в Восточном Иране и на территории Пенджикентского района Таджикистана, а также сведения о распространении разных форм мечей на территории Древнего Востока и долины р. Инд. Завершает книгу раздел о гордости Туркменистана – ахалтекинских скакунах. Издание предназначено для археологов, антропологов и историков архитектуры. This issue of Transaction includes a large memorial section dedicated to the deceased colleagues, founders of this series and friends of the Margiana expedition – Pavel M. Kozhin, Michael F. Kosarev and Olivier Lecomte. A number of previously unknown works by Pavel M. Kozhin is publishing. Information on excavations in 2015–2019 is provided at Gonur and in museums of Turkmenistan, an architectural analysis of a number of structures of Gonur is given and the features of the technology of pottery making as well as osteological data are described. The results of the study of burial grounds in Eastern Iran and on the territory of the Pendjikent region of Tajikistan are published as well as information about the distribution of different forms of swords on the territory of the Ancient East and the valley of the river Indus. A section about the pride of Turkmenistan - Akhal-Teke horses ends the book . The issue is intended for archaeologists, anthropologists and historians of architecture.

SIMILARITIES BETWEEN EMPEROR CHANDRAGUPTA II (VIKRAMADITYA) AND EMPEROR JALALUDDIN MUHAMMAD AKBAR

In the history of a great country like India, there have been many rulers since ancient times who ruled different regions of India at different times. But few of these rulers are called great rulers. Maurya ruler Chandragupta Maurya and Emperor Ashoka, Gupta ruler Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya), Vardhana ruler Harshavardhana, Kushan emperor Kanishka, Satavahana ruler Gautamiputra Satkarni, Chalukya ruler Pulakeshi II, Chola rulers Rajaraja Chola and Rajendra Chola, Rashtrakuta ruler Amoghvarsh, Pratihar ruler Mihira bhoja, Mughal emperor Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar are named. Among these great rulers of India were two rulers whose lives and work were very similar. The rulers were the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya) and the Mughal emperor Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar. The similarity between Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya) and Jalaluddin Mohammad Akbar is that the grandfather of both the rulers was the real founder of their kingdom. Both the rulers came to power through struggle (war). Both the rulers were tolerant rulers. The empire of the two rulers extended from present day Pakistan in the north to the mouth of the river Narmada in the south and from the mouth of the river Ganga in the east to the mouth of the river Indus in the west. Art, architecture, etc. developed during the reign of both the rulers. Due to the excellent administrative system of both the rulers, their empire remained stable for many generations to come. The main similarity between the two rulers is that in the history of India, only this two rulars have the Navratna in their court.

Length-weight relationship of Cirrhinus Cirrhosus inhabiting Indus River, Sindh-Pakistan

The present work reports the length–weight relationships (LWR) and condition factor and of Cirrhinus cirrhosus inhabiting in River Indus, Sindh-Pakistan. The Length-weight relationship is an important tool for fishery management. A total of 340 specimens (individual) of length–weight were measured. A maximum length of the groups was observed 20.7cm and minimum as 9.4cm. The maximum weight was recorded about 84gm and minimum as 6gm. The estimated values of length-weight relationship and condition factor were calculated by formula LeCren (1951), as Kn=0.547, and Fulton as K=0.724. Length-weight was found with a strong correlation of n= 3.101, C=0.0176 with r2=0.894. The results of this work would be beneficial for sustainable management as well as fishery managers.

Seasonal Variations in Haematological Parameters and Body Composition of Labeo rohita (Rohu) and Cirrhinus mrigala (Mrigal Carp) in River Indus, District Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan

The seasonal effect on haematology and body composition of Rohu and Mrigal carp were evaluated. Fifty-four fish of each species (Rohu length and weight 28.00±0.34 cm and 385±3.40 g; Mrigal carp length and weight 29.48±0.24 cm and 393±5.48 g) were collected from the Dera Ismail Khan. The values of WBCs (9.31 and 8.41×106 mm-3), RBCs (2.37 and 2.12×106 mm-3), Hb (9.58 and 8.78) and HCT (38.06 and 36.04 %) of Rohu and Mrigal carp were higher in summer whereas declined in winter (P<0.05). The MCV, MCH and MCHC of both species were higher (P<0.05) in winter, and decreased during summer. The moisture content of both Rohu and Mrigal carp was higher during winter followed by spring and lower in summer season. Lipid and protein content of both species were higher (P<0.05) in summer and lower in winter. The moisture content, proteins and lipid were found higher in Rohu than Mrigal carp. According to the findings, it was concluded that the water quality parameters vary seasonally which in turn impacts on body physiology of fish species.

Two-level games on the trans-boundary river Indus: obstacles to cooperation

This synthesis paper explores the reasons hindering water cooperation between India and Pakistan on the Indus River Basin. It argues that both domestic and international-level elements narrow the size of the ‘win-sets’ which make water cooperation between the two states highly challenging. Not only state actors but also the domestic actors in both India and Pakistan have repeatedly played ‘water games’. Further, due to long-standing geopolitical and territorial conflicts between India and Pakistan, the strategies pursued so far by these states including ‘securitization’, ‘issue-linkage’ and ‘alliance strategies’ as leverage mechanisms, have also contributed to the lack of cooperation in their water realm.