Three Ways of Seeing a Forest: On the Social Life of Economization in Indian Carbon Forestry

Irrespective of controversies and frustrated efforts, carbon forestry—the sequestering of greenhouse gases in forests—remains a key element of climate change mitigation. Carbon forestry drives regularly rely on a market-based conservation framework, where forest dwellers are remunerated for their service of maintaining forests through dedicated financial instruments routing global funds. In this article, I turn to India’s first large-scale carbon forestry project, situated in the hills of Himachal Pradesh, and trace how carbon forestry plots are subjected to different temporal trajectories on different levels. I show that the marketing of emission reduction certificates (CER), underpinning carbon forestry, posits emergent forests as permanent sinks. The administrative procedures of this Indian carbon forestry project, however, aim at providing for these forests for sixty years. Finally, I show that villagers perceive a sense of closure, suspending dedicated care and governance routines as the project appears to dismantle and future payments become uncertain. I argue that these different temporal registers not only reveal contradictions within carbon forestry approaches but they also highlight the fragility of attempts to economize forests through supposedly green financial instruments and, therefore, the limited impact of what might appear as neoliberal agendas, in time.

Forests for Participatory Democracy: Emergent Patterns in the Interaction of Actors and Space in a Community-Based Sustainable Forestry Project in San Francisco Libre, Nicaragua

<p>The host of literature on community-based sustainable forestry initiatives cites a profound schism between theory and the actual devolution of power and conservation of natural environments. This thesis set out to analyze the workings of power in a decentralized sustainable forestry project in San Francisco Libre, Nicaragua, and to account for how the myriad relevant actors influence, and are influenced, by the interactions and opportunities that arose. Taking a co-constructivist, relational approach, the case study undertaken found sustainable forestry and participatory democracy to be co-constitutive. However, where modernity has been touted for freeing society from the constraints of the natural world through science and technology, the very democracy and sustainability these initiatives are striving for are constrained by the modern framework upon which many of our institutions are built. By abandoning such nature vs. society dichotomous frameworks, socio- political initiatives can better account for the place-based, relational agency human and non-human actors share, and therefore create more effective, participative democratic institutions.</p>

Forests for Participatory Democracy: Emergent Patterns in the Interaction of Actors and Space in a Community-Based Sustainable Forestry Project in San Francisco Libre, Nicaragua

<p>The host of literature on community-based sustainable forestry initiatives cites a profound schism between theory and the actual devolution of power and conservation of natural environments. This thesis set out to analyze the workings of power in a decentralized sustainable forestry project in San Francisco Libre, Nicaragua, and to account for how the myriad relevant actors influence, and are influenced, by the interactions and opportunities that arose. Taking a co-constructivist, relational approach, the case study undertaken found sustainable forestry and participatory democracy to be co-constitutive. However, where modernity has been touted for freeing society from the constraints of the natural world through science and technology, the very democracy and sustainability these initiatives are striving for are constrained by the modern framework upon which many of our institutions are built. By abandoning such nature vs. society dichotomous frameworks, socio- political initiatives can better account for the place-based, relational agency human and non-human actors share, and therefore create more effective, participative democratic institutions.</p>

An Evaluation of the Sagarmatha National Park Forestry Project (Snpfp), Khumbu, Nepal: A Community Stakeholder Approach

This study adopts a community stakeholder approach to analyze the stakeholders' perceptions on foreign aid and NGO-driven reforestation programme in an impacted community. The focus of the study, the Sagarmatha National Park Forestry Project (SNPFP), has operated in Khumbu, Nepal for thirty years. The overall performance and impacts of the SNPFP were assessed by interviewing key informants with regard to their experience and perceptions. Qualitative analysis revealed the gap in the involvement of multiple donors and identified how these gaps impacted on quality of foreign aid and NGO-led project. The implications of this study include the recommendation that the immediate stakeholders in a local area are a reliable source of information to measure the value of foreign aid and NGO performance. Furthermore, the future of natural resource conservation and rural development led by foreign aid and NGOs depends on collaboration between the local people, the NGOs, donors, and the government.

An Evaluation of the Sagarmatha National Park Forestry Project (Snpfp), Khumbu, Nepal: A Community Stakeholder Approach

This study adopts a community stakeholder approach to analyze the stakeholders' perceptions on foreign aid and NGO-driven reforestation programme in an impacted community. The focus of the study, the Sagarmatha National Park Forestry Project (SNPFP), has operated in Khumbu, Nepal for thirty years. The overall performance and impacts of the SNPFP were assessed by interviewing key informants with regard to their experience and perceptions. Qualitative analysis revealed the gap in the involvement of multiple donors and identified how these gaps impacted on quality of foreign aid and NGO-led project. The implications of this study include the recommendation that the immediate stakeholders in a local area are a reliable source of information to measure the value of foreign aid and NGO performance. Furthermore, the future of natural resource conservation and rural development led by foreign aid and NGOs depends on collaboration between the local people, the NGOs, donors, and the government.

Eucalyptus forestry in Brazilian Pampa biome: between developmental illusion and sustainable inefficacy

The objective of this article is to analyze how the strategy for the implementation of eucalyptus monoculture in the Brazilian pampa Biome had repercussions on economic, social and environmental aspects. It makes a historical rescue of the formation of the economic development of the region, noting that the forestry project for the region has not escaped the expectations of other strategies imposed on the region in the past, the concentration of wealth of the agrarian elite has never been threatened. Extensive livestock farming, until the beginning of the 20th century, grain monoculture, after World War II, and from the 2000s, forestry, have always been linked to a single logic: the accumulation of capital in the hands of the bourgeoisie. The most aggravating factor in eucalyptus production is the mischaracterization of the Pampa biome, which the richness of this ecosystem, even though it requires better studies, is not taken into account in the policy of forestry expansion. For a legitimate development process is necessary to find endogenous mechanisms to promote development compatible with the improvement of the poorest population and the maintenance of the wealth of the Pampa biome. Factors disregarded in the developmental alternatives proposed for the region to date.

Is Foreign Aid Making A Difference? A Case Study of Sagarmatha National Park Forestry Project, Khumbu, Nepal

This paper describes a community stakeholder approach to evaluating the effectiveness of foreign aid and NGO involvement in an impacted community. The focus of the study, the Sagarmatha National Park Forestry Project (SNPFP), has operated in the Khumbu region for more than thirty years. The success of foreign aid and NGO activities was assessed by interviewing key informants with regard to their experience and perceptions concerning the project. The implications of this study include the recommendation that local people are the best source of information to measure foreign aid and NGO performance in a remote community. Furthermore, the future of natural resource conservation and rural development led by foreign aid depends on collaboration between the local people, NGOs and government.

Extension of Forestry Technology in Ecological Forestry Con- struction and Its Countermeasures

Promoting the continuous and smooth development of ecological environment and forestry projects can effectively adjust the forest area climate, constantly purify the air in the forest area, and effectively avoid the serious desertification within the forest area land, so as to effectively improve the local ecological environment. At the present stage, due to the low promotion and application of technologies related to ecological forestry project construction in most parts of China and the lack of comprehensive and in-depth understanding, a lot of technical problems have emerged in the process of promoting the construction and development of ecological and environmental forestry projects. Based on this, this paper analyzes and explores the problems existing in the forestry technology promotion in the ecological forestry construction.