Farmers’ Satisfaction with Land Expropriation System Reform: A Case Study in China

Farmers’ satisfaction with reform of the land expropriation system has not been fully examined, so it is difficult to comprehensively and successfully judge the effectiveness of the reforms. Traditional statistical methods cannot accurately explain the relationship between the variables. In order to fully understand the implementation, progress, and applicability of land expropriation system reform, this paper analyzes the factors influencing farmers’ satisfaction, presents the shortcomings of land expropriation system reform, and puts forward improvement suggestions. Taking the land expropriation system reform pilot in Dingzhou city as an example, this paper investigates the satisfaction of the farmers who have had their land expropriated by establishing a structural equation model (SEM) to obtain feedback on the implementation effect of the pilot work. The results show that the factors affecting farmers’ satisfaction with the reform of land expropriation systems can be summarized into four variables: land expropriation compensation standard, land income distribution, land expropriation security mode, and land expropriation procedure. The parameter estimation between these four potential variables and their corresponding observation variables shows that, in the process of land expropriation, the comparison of land expropriation compensation standards and observation variables with market entry projects is an important factor affecting the satisfaction of farmers with regard to land expropriation. The income of municipal and county governments and village collective incomes have a great impact on farmers, indicating that the satisfaction of farmers is not only related to the absolute level of compensation and income, but is also affected by the relative level. In addition, providing farmers with a variety of reasonable security methods is an important element to enable the smooth progress of land expropriation. Furthermore, attention should also be paid to the formulation of land expropriation schemes and emergency plans to solve land expropriation conflicts.

Future land expropriation is unlikely in South Africa

Headline SOUTH AFRICA: Future land expropriation is unlikely

DOES LAND EXPROPRIATION INCREASE HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION AND SAVINGS RATE? EVIDENCE FROM RURAL CHINA

This paper estimates how land expropriation affects household consumption and savings rate using a nationally representative household data from China. We argue that land expropriation is likely to be random across households within the same village. We find that land expropriation has positive and statistically significant effects on per capita household consumption and savings rate. The effects on consumption of durable goods and on savings rate, however, weaken and become insignificant over time.

KAMPUNG LEUSER: TANTANGAN DAN PROSPEK SEBUAH PERMUKIMAN INFORMAL DI KEBAYORAN BARU

Kebayoran Baru was a well-planned new town. However, over time, Kebayoran Baru has been transforming, whether it is planned or not. One form of transformation in Kebayoran Baru has been the presence of informal settlements, such as those on Jalan Leuser. The kampong, which is claimed by its residents has been inhabited since 1955, has faced various challenges along the way, one of which is the threat of land expropriation and eviction. The threat of eviction stems from a land dispute involving the residents of Kampung Leuser as the party occupying the land and PAM Jaya as the party who claims to have rights to the land. Equiped with an HGB certificate under its name, PAM Jaya in 2016 requested residents to leave the land immediately. Residents who claimed to have lived on the land for more than 60 years firmly rejected PAM Jaya's claim and fought back. This study uses a qualitative research approach and a semi-autonomous social field perspective, aiming to understand the challenges of effective citizen control over the land and the prospects for future settlements. The challenges are formulated based on the background of the people's control over the land, the process, and its development until now. Meanwhile, prospects are presented through possible scenarios, either pessimistic, moderate, or optimistic scenarios. The results show that until now (2019), four years after the eviction plan began, Kampung Leuser still survives. In fact, the residents have also sued BPN as the party that issued the HGB certificate for PAM Jaya. This proves that the survival of Kampung Leuser is not impossible. Of the three scenarios that can be pursued in the future, the moderate scenario can provide a sense of justice for various parties. Furthermore, this dispute is expected to provide a lesson for the field of regional and urban planning, both practically and theoretically, regarding solutions in the management of informal settlements, both in the new city of Kebayoran Baru, as well as in other new cities in Indonesia.Keywords: informal settlements; semi-autonomous social field; Kampung Leuser – Kebayoran Baru AbstrakKebayoran Baru merupakan kota baru yang direncanakan dengan baik. Namun, seiring berjalannya waktu, Kebayoran Baru mengalami transformasi, baik direncanakan maupun tidak. Salah satu bentuk transformasi di Kebayoran Baru adalah hadirnya permukiman informal, seperti yang antara lain berada di Jalan Leuser. Kampung yang diklaim oleh warga telah dihuni sejak 1955 ini, dalam perjalanannya mengalami berbagai tantangan, salah satunya adalah ancaman pengambil-alihan lahan dan penggusuran. Ancaman penggusuran ini bermula dari sengketa tanah yang melibatkan pihak warga Kampung Leuser selaku pihak yang menempati lahan dan PAM Jaya selaku pihak yang mengklaim memiliki hak atas lahan tersebut. Berbekal sertifikat HGB atas namanya, pihak PAM Jaya pada 2016 meminta warga untuk segera meninggalkan lahan tersebut. Warga yang mengaku sudah tinggal di lahan tersebut sejak lebih dari 60 tahun dengan tegas menolak klaim pihak PAM Jaya dan melakukan perlawanan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan penelitian kualitatif dan perspeltif semi autonomous social field, bertujuan untuk memahami tantangan penguasaan efektif warga atas tanah tersebut, dan prospek permukimannya ke depan. Tantangan dirumuskan melalui latar belakang penguasaan warga atas lahan tersebut, proses, dan perkembangannya hingga saat ini. Sementara, prospek disajikan melalui skenario jalan keluar yang dapat ditempuh, baik skenario pesimis, moderat, maupun optimis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hingga saat ini (2019), empat tahun setelah rencana penggusuran bermula, Kampung Leuser masih bertahan. Bahkan, pihak warga juga sudah menggugat BPN selaku pihak yang mengeluarkan sertifikat HGB untuk PAM Jaya. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa bertahannya eksistensi Kampung Leuser bukanlah hal yang tidak mungkin. Dari tiga skenario yang dapat ditempuh ke depan, maka skenario moderat dapat memberikan rasa keadilan bagi berbagai pihak. Lebih jauh diharapkan sengketa ini dapat menjadi pembelajaran bagi bidang ilmu perencanaan wilayah dan kota baik secara praktis maupun teoritis mengenai solusi dalam pengelolaan permukiman informal, baik di kota baru Kebayoran Baru, maupun di kota-kota baru lainnya di Indonesia.

Does Land Expropriation Experience Increase Farmers’ Farmland Value Expectations? Empirical Evidence from the People’s Republic of China

Understanding the formation mechanism of farmers’ farmland value expectations not only helps to evaluate farmers’ land resource allocation behaviors, but also enables the government to create better policies that can effectively guide and manage farmers’ land value expectations. Based on cross-sectional data from the 2015 China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) of rural residents, we used quantitative analysis models to identify the effect of farmers’ land expropriation experiences on their farmland value expectations, and the mechanisms of this effect. We found that after experiencing land expropriation, farmers’ farmland value expectations significantly increased; the effect was most pronounced in groups of farmers with low prior expectations. Land expropriation experience raises farmers’ farmland value expectations due to land scarcity. The use of monetized compensation in the process of land expropriation will significantly increase farmers’ farmland value expectations. The results suggest that land expropriation activities can directly change the land resource endowment of farmers, thereby stimulating farmers’ awareness of the need to protect their land rights and economic rights.