Paradigm of Historical Science: Dealing with the Modern Juggernaut through across Time in Education and Government

In this modern era, continuous change is the first step in forming a new structure between theory and practice. The idea of ​​a juggernaut is very relevant to the theory of structuration with current conditions in the 21st century, where technology becomes a reference that can crush anyone who is not responsive to its power. This technology takes one path and takes many roles from various fields: economic, social, political, legal, and educational. This 21st century is marked by great momentum for changes in human behavior and civilization, namely the industrial revolution 4.0 and the arrival of Covid-19, which have changed many social structures and human activities. This makes history a means of connecting the problems in the 21st century with past events. By using a descriptive qualitative method, this paper will reveal how technological developments are very influential on educational and political developments and what are the challenges faced based on historical perspective?. In this case, the study aims to discuss the history and challenges of Indonesia's education system and government system in the 21st century and give a solution. The data used are from 2 books, 14 journal articles, and 4 websites with a span of 2019-2021. The research results are expected to be used as a further study in the face of the development of the modern era in the fields of education and government. This study also has limitations, namely only on the face of the development of the modern era in the fields of education and government.

An Analysis of Management Accounting System Development from the Structuration Theory Viewpoint

Our study covered the development and evolution of the management accounting system of a subsidiary company in a group. Our study was a longitudinal one starting from the incorporation of the company. We divided this period into five stages according to the major events happened, namely the formation of the company, the invoicing crisis, the conflict with parent company, the conflict with fellow subsidiaries, and the influence of the chief executive. In our analysis we applied the three dimensions of structure in the theory of structuration (i.e., signification, legitimation and domination). The structuration theory explained the emergence of certain phenomena and events that were not explained by traditional accounting theories. Many events in our study validated the core ideas of the structuration theory which composes of the concepts of structure, system and duality of structure. The phenomena suggested that structure was both the medium and outcome of the conduct it recursively organized. Other features of the theory, such as the dialectic of control and system contradiction, were also applicable

An Analysis of Management Accounting System Development from the Structuration Theory Viewpoint

Our study covered the development and evolution of the management accounting system of a subsidiary company in a group. Our study was a longitudinal one starting from the incorporation of the company. We divided this period into five stages according to the major events happened, namely the formation of the company, the invoicing crisis, the conflict with parent company, the conflict with fellow subsidiaries, and the influence of the chief executive. In our analysis we applied the three dimensions of structure in the theory of structuration (i.e., signification, legitimation and domination). The structuration theory explained the emergence of certain phenomena and events that were not explained by traditional accounting theories. Many events in our study validated the core ideas of the structuration theory which composes of the concepts of structure, system and duality of structure. The phenomena suggested that structure was both the medium and outcome of the conduct it recursively organized. Other features of the theory, such as the dialectic of control and system contradiction, were also applicable.

Journalism ethics in local newspaper

Professional and quality journalists are subject to an ethical code and their understanding and competence of said ethics code. Ethics are the minimum values or moral traditions that are used to separate truths from mistakes and good from the bad. Journalism ethics are the rules adhered to by journalists. News coverage has objectives. In order to reach said objectives, journalists should adhere to the professional ethics that they comprehend in the news coverage. Such a comprehension cannot be separated from the different interests involved in the news production process. This research aimed to identify the journalists’ understanding of the values of independence, objectivity, their relationship with their sources and gifts from sources. This research used the phenomenology method. Data collection was done via interviews with 13 Radar Malang journalists. The data analysis employed was Turner’s Theory of Structuration. The research findings presented that first, independence and objectivity are ethical values that are impossible for journalists to maintain. This is since news writing involves interpretation and choices because writing the news is the result of the journalists’ interpretation of their economic interests and journalist idealism. The news is written with a particular tendency in mind. Objectivity is only regarded in the scope of the balance of news. Second, there is a dynamic relationship between journalists and the sources of the news. Journalists are always in a dilemma when writing news that relates to the interests of the news sources. Journalists may receive any gifts from the sources so long as they do not relate to the news. In general, journalists should refuse remittance. However, any other kinds of gifts are still tolerable.

Russian society’s structuration during the first half of the 20th century (based on material from Russian sociological studies of the time)

This article is an extension of a series of works dedicated to the shaping of Russian society’s structure. The author’s reasoning is based on the assumption that, when evaluating changes in the structuration of Russian society over a long period of time – from the mid-1800’s and until today, which is the focus of the series of articles we mentioned – one should bear in mind that the most radical and, in many respects, catastrophic shifts occurred as a result of two groundbreaking events – the Bolshevik coup of 1917 and the collapse of the Soviet Union with the consequent transition to a market economy, which took place during the 1990’s. Both of these occurrences disrupted the evolutionary development of Russian society, and caused social shifts which cannot be definitively assessed, with them having radically changed society’s structuration. Influenced by these events, the country’s social composition underwent some fundamental changes, as did the people’s life-worlds, relationships between different social groups and layers of the population, and finally interactions with the new elites that sprouted from these social crises. In this article, which deals with processes that took place during the 1920’s and 1930’s, the author once again relies on the methodology of A. Giddens’, who suggested using the theory of structuration to analyze social relationships in space and time. Structuration processes are examined through the lens of studies conducted during that period, in the heat of the moment, so to speak. Even when taking into account the political restrictions of the time, you can still trace how exactly contemporary scientific studies and statistical research reflected those social processes, including the structuration of society. This article utilizes the works of P. Sorokin, A. Rashin, L. Minz, A. Khryasheva and S. Prokopovich, among other researchers, as well as materials from the 1897, 1926 and 1937 population censuses. The article is limited to the period from the beginning of the century and up until the 1920’s and 1930’s, and consequently the studies that were conducted during that period.

ETNOSENTRISME DALAM TENGGELAMNYA KAPAL VAN DER WIJCK KARYA HAMKA DALAM PERSPEKTIF STRUKTURASI GIDDENS

Sebagai makhluk sosial, manusia saling berinteraksi dengan gugus pengetahuan dan pengalaman berbeda satu sama lain. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis etnosentrisme dalam novel Tenggelamnya Kapal Van der Wijck karya Hamka dengan perspektif Strukturasi Giddens. Strukturasi menolak pandangan dualisme dengan menekankan dualitas agen dan struktur. Setiap agen bertindak berdasarkan skemata atau struktur dalam ruang dan waktu tertentu. Selanjutnya, aktivitas sosial para agen tersebut memengaruhi struktur itu kembali. Dalam konteks sastra, agen merujuk pada penulis dan tokoh-tokoh yang ada di dalam karya sastra. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa gejala etnosentrisme melalui tindakan para tokoh dalam novel merupakan manifestasi struktur penulis. Novel Tenggelamnya Kapal Van der Wijck merupakan sarana komunikasi Hamka selaku agen yang dimotivasi oleh keinginan akan perbaikan dan perubahan terhadap struktur budaya Minangkabau. Karya ini juga mampu mengubah sistem sosial yang membentuk struktur etnosentrisme Hamka.Kata Kunci: Strukturasi; Agen; Struktur; Anthony Giddens; Tenggelamnya Kapal Van der Wijck As social beings, humans interact using a distinct set of knowledge and experiences. This research aims to analyze ethnocentrism in the novel Tenggelamnya Kapal Van der Wijck by Hamka through the perspective of Giddens’ structuration. The theory of structuration rejects the notion of dualism by highlighting the duality of agent and structure. Every agent acts on a schemata or structure in a certain space and time. Furthermore, the agents' social activities conversely affect the structure. In literary context, agents refer to both writer and characters in literary work. The result of this study indicates that the phenomenon of ethnocentrism showed through the actions of the characters in the novel isthe manifestation of the author's structure. The novel Tenggelamnya Kapal Van der Wijck is a media of communication for Hamka as an agent motivated by his desire for improvements and changes in the structure of Minangkabau culture. This work is also able to change social system that actually constructs Hamka ethnocentrism structure.Keywords: Structuration; Agent; Structure; Anthony Giddens; Tenggelamnya Kapal Van der Wijck.

ИНТЕГРАТИВНЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ К ДИЛЕММЕ «СТРУКТУРА/ДЕЙСТВИЕ» В СОВРЕМЕННОЙ СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ ТЕОРИИ (Э.ГИДДЕНС, П. БУРДЬЕ, Ю. ХАБЕРМАС)

The article is addressed to the general views of three prominent social thinkers on the fundamental theoretical dilemma of “structure/agency”, deep differences in understanding of which are still considered as basis for intense discussions among pundits, representing various streams and schools in sociology. The theory of structuration, elaborated by Anthony Giddens, Bourdieu’s scrutinizing of practice, habitus and fields, Habermas’ theory of “colonization of life-world” are all considered as pioneering and plentiful attempts of resolving of crisis of social theory and establishment of particular integrative conjunction of objectivist and subjectivist paradigms of social knowledge, which determines their theoretical resemblance and justify their joint study. Besides, these integrative approaches give the authors reason to make some distinctive remarks concerning origins of social conflicts, conflicting forms of interaction of social actors, and structural contradictoriness underlying them. The core of Giddens’ approach is constituted by idea of “duality of structure”, which not exclusively restricts agency, but creates opportunities for humans, who possess reflexivity and practical consciousness, to form and change social practices and thereby reshape structural conditions. Bourdieu, in his turn, uses the concept of practices, occurring within particular social fields embracing agents and their social positions, to designate where the dialectic of structure and agency exactly takes place, and habitus which while being both structured structure and structuring structure, is interpreted as systems of schemes of perception, evaluation and cognition of practices. Habermas treats the problem, firstly, by analytically separating categories “life-word” as inner point of view of an actor on society, where he is engaged in implementation of communicative action and “system” as a level of structures and institutions and, secondly, postulating, that according to the logic of social development, leading to inner differentiation and mutual divergence of these levels, “colonization of life-world by system” is accelerating, which results in various disruption of communication.