Aproximación a la cronología de la pesca en el bajo de Sarmiento (Chubut, Argentina) a partir de la distribución de pesos líticos

Las investigaciones arqueológicas en el bajo de Sarmiento (centro-sur de la provincia del Chubut) permitieron argumentar que la pesca fue una actividad importante entre las poblaciones cazadoras-recolectoras. La información disponible nos permite ubicar el inicio de dicha actividad aproximadamente en 1500 años AP. En este trabajo se evalúa la distribución de los pesos líticos (plomadas de redes) como indicadores de la cronología de la actividad pesquera, tomando como marco de referencia el esquema de evolución del paleolago que cubrió la totalidad del bajo. Los resultados indican una mayor frecuencia de hallazgos de pesos líticos en los sectores del fondo de valle, disponible para la ocupación humana luego del Holoceno tardío final, lo que sugiere que la pesca es un fenómeno posterior al 1500 AP. Se incluyen en la discusión problemas de visibilidad, coleccionismo y tafonómicos, además de datos arqueofaunísticos, cronológicos y tecnológicos.

Both soap and ozone more effective and better tolerated than alcohol hand disinfection?

Background Preventing the transfer of virulent microorganisms is an essential part of infection control programs and clinical practice. Hand disinfection using alcohol from dispensers has become a standard practice worldwide; however, consequent skin irritation is frequently reported. Thus, alternative methods for hand sanitization are needed. Objectives We used a modified European Standard procedure (EN 1500:2013) with the aim of comparing the efficiency of alcohol, ozonated water and soap for eradicating transient Escherichia coli from artificially contaminated hands. Methods We applied a crossover design for testing alcohol and ozone (20 participants/product; 40 participants in total). The participants were mostly nursing students. We have merged the results from two separate crossover studies with altogether 35 participants, and also included 20 non-crossover participants for soap washing. Results Both ozonated tap water and soap & water were more effective than alcohol disinfection; and washing hands with soap the most effective. In some participants, disinfection with alcohol seemed to fail at eradicating transient E. coli from the hands, particularly from one side. The pre-test CFU/mL values were ≥30,000 in 52 of 55 participants. After disinfection of both the hands with 85% alcohol, 0.8 ppm ozonated tap water and soap & water, the mean/median (range) values were 2330/300 (14,000), 538/250 (3450) and 98/50 (450), respectively. The majority of the participants (66%) stated that they would prefer using ozonated tap water if the disinfection effect was the same as that of other agents. Conclusions We hypothesize that hand disinfection with alcohol is more difficult, and that the flow rate of water may play a pivotal role in eradicating microorganisms in addition to the choice of disinfectant. Ozonated tap water had no adverse effects on the skin and was preferred by most participants. Key messages Ozonized water as hand disinfection. Alcohol hand disinfection problems.

Antibacterial Efficacy of Commonly Available Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers on Escherichia Coli

Background: The WHO estimates that approximately 600 million people fall ill after consumption of contaminated food and over 420 000 die every year, resulting in loss of 33 million healthy life years. Hand hygiene is considered by the WHO to be the most effective preventive measure for infectious diseases including food borne diseases.Methods: A laboratory-based study involving convenient sampling of common brands alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS) from retail community pharmacies and local supermarkets was conducted in Ilala District, Dar es salaam, Tanzania. The study was conducted, between December 2018 to January 2019. A modified protocol of The European Norm (EN) 1500 was used for in vivo testing of sampled ABHs. Efficacy was evaluated using standard strain of Escherichia coli. A total of 26 healthy volunteers were used for hand sanitization. The percentage of bioburden/microbial reduction was assessed at baseline and after treatment, and the log reduction factor calculated.Results: A total of 10 gel ABHS were purchased and assayed for antibacterial efficacy. Majority (70%) of ABHS were imported products and contained ethanol as the sole active ingredient. About 60% of them did not correctly indicate the label disclosure information on concentration of active ingredients. Only one product was efficacious against E. coli with log reduction of 3.75; while majority (70%) of the samples had poor bacterial efficacy with log reduction ranging from 0.140 -0.664.Conclusions: Most of ABHS gel products available in the Dar es Salaam market were not efficacious as per FDA and EN 1500 guidelines. Post market surveillance is recommended of the circulating ABH to safe guard consumers. Keywords: Hand sanitizers, efficacy, E. coli, EN 1500.

‘Gente Borgia’. Un nuevo ejemplo del mecenazgo de los Borja: Primeras inscripciones humanísticas en Valencia

Resumen: Escritura y heráldica se convierten en un lenguaje fundamental al servicio institucional y personal de los Borja, que desde Italia llegará también a su ciudad de origen y a sus señoríos. En Xàtiva y Gandía respectivamente se conservan las primeras inscripciones humanísticas que podemos ubicar en territorio valenciano. En ambos casos se trata de piezas vinculadas a la familia Borja y las dos se encuentran en el ámbito de las colegiatas de estas dos ciudades: en la capilla dedicada a Nuestra Señora de las Fiebres, advocación romana, cuya construcción mandó llevar a cabo en 1497 Francesc de Borja, tesorero pontificio, obispo de Teano, más tarde arzobispo de Cosenza y cardenal nombrado por Alejandro VI; y en el exterior de la colegiata de Santa María de Gandía, erigida en 1499 por Alejandro VI, a ambos lados de la puerta de los Apóstoles, construida bajo los auspicios de María Enríquez, viuda sucesivamente de Pere Lluís de Borja y Joan de Borja, hermanos, I y II duques de Gandía. La duquesa viuda reemprendió el proyecto inconcluso de la colegiata que quedará acabado, como señalan las inscripciones, en 1500, bajo su mecenazgo y el de su hijo Joan de Borja, III duque. Palabras clave: Inscripciones humanísticas, Historia de la Iglesia, Heráldica, Alejandro VI. Abstract: Writing and heraldry become a fundamental language to the institutional and personal service of the Borjas. They did not only used in Italy but also in their city of origin and their manors. Both in Xàtiva and Gandía we find the first humanistic inscriptions located in Valencian territory In both cases they are pieces linked to the Borja family and the two are found in the collegiate area of these two cities: in the chapel dedicated to the Mare de Déu de les Febres, a Roman dedication, whose construction was ordered in 1497 by Francesc de Borja, pontifical treasurer, bishop of Teano, later archbishop of Cosenza and cardinal appointed by Alexander VI; and outside of the church of Santa María de Gandía, erected as collegiate in 1499 by Alejandro VI, on both sides of the door of the Apostles, built under the auspices of María Enríquez, widow successively of Pere Lluís de Borja and Joan de Borja, brothers, I and II Borja dukes of Gandía. The duchess widow resumed the unfinished project of the collegiate church that will be finished, as indicated by the inscriptions, in 1500, under his patronage and that of his son Joan, III Borja Duke. Keywords: Heraldry, Humanistic inscription, Alexander VI, Church history

The Ambivalence of the Sense of Touch in Early Modern Prints

Les conséquences de l'indulgence envers les plaisirs du toucher étaient le sujet d'un débat au cours du XVIe siècle. Alors qu'il était généralement admis que s'adonner aux plaisirs du toucher pouvait conduire aux dangers de succomber à plusieurs autres vices, entre autres le plus traître des péchés mortels, Luxuria, d'autres conceptions contemporaines mettaient en relation le sens du toucher avec la vertu. Un nouveau regard sur le développement du thème iconographique du sens du toucher qui a émergé au début du XVIe siècle, en particulier dans le traité didactique moralisateur Stultiferae naves de Jodicus Badius Ascensius (publié à Lyon en 1500), ainsi que dans les séries (datant des environs de 1544) de Georg Pencz — le Kleinmeister de Nuremberg —, révèle que ces ouvrages exprimaient cette ambivalence à l'égard du sens du toucher.