Glass-Ceramic Foams from Alkali-Activated Vitrified Bottom Ash and Waste Glasses

Both vitrified bottom ashes (VBAs) and waste glasses are forms of inorganic waste material that are widely landfilled, despite having some economic potential. Building on previous studies, we prepared glass-ceramic foams by the combination of VBA with either soda-lime glass (SLG) or borosilicate glass (BSG). Suspensions of fine powders in weakly alkaline solution underwent gelation, followed by frothing at nearly room temperature. Hardened “green” foams were sintered, with concurrent crystallization, at 850–1000 °C. All foams were highly porous (>70%), with mostly open porosity. The glass addition was fundamental in both gelation (promoting the formation of carbonate and silicate hydrated phases) and firing steps. While SLG addition enhanced the viscous flow sintering, without a significant impact on the crystallization of gehlenite, the main crystalline phase from the devitrification of VBA, BSG addition caused a reactive sintering, with remarkable changes in the phase assemblage. The glass addition generally also allowed lower sintering temperatures and yielded products with excellent crushing strength. However, only specific conditions resulted in the complete immobilization of pollutants (e.g., Cr3+ ions).

Interdigitated Array Diffusion Layer Titration of Dithiocarbamates with Electrogenerated Hypobromite

A simple but sensitive technique was developed for determination of dithiocarbamates. The proposed method is based on its oxidation with hypobromite under the formation of sulfate. The oxidation proceeds only in the close vicinity of interdigitated array microelectrode (IDA), the segments of which were used as working and indicator electrodes. Hypobromite was formed by disproportionation of galvanostatically generated bromine (from bromide) in weakly alkaline solution on one segment of IDA (generator). The unreacted flux of hypobromite was amperometrically detected on the second segment (collector-indicator). The hypobromite flux is influenced by dithiocarbamates present in solution, causing changes in the collector versus generator current plot (titration curve) which can be quantitatively evaluated. The sensitivity of the method is 7 795 l mol-1 μA and detection limit estimated according to the 3s criterion is 2.2 · 10-6 mol l-1. The technique was used in analysis of real samples, such as in determination of a pesticide residues in cucumber leaves.