CO2 Emissions and The Transport Sector in Malaysia

Transport is an essential infrastructure for development. With its high share of gross domestic product (GDP), it makes a significant contribution to total CO2 emissions in Malaysia. It is therefore important to pay greater attention to reducing CO2 emissions and sustainable development in this sector. Therefore, this study aims at estimating the relationship between transport CO2 emissions and its key drivers using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique. The time period covered by the study extends from 1978 to 2018. It further investigates the response of CO2 emissions to shocks in the value of other variables by employing the generalized impulse response approach. The results suggest that urbanization is the major contributor to the increase in CO2 emissions followed by the carbon intensity of energy in the long-run. Carbon intensity of energy, GDP per transport worker and urbanization contribute significantly to increases in transport CO2 emissions in the short- and long-run. Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis recommends that Malaysia continue to be on track to reach the highest level of income and welfare to give pay more attention to the environment. Therefore, the country maintains its CO2 emissions level in the future because of economic development. Therefore, these findings show that energy and environmental policymakers need to pay more attention to improving energy efficiency and the use of low-carbon technologies and electrification in the transport sector and the use of high-quality public transport, particularly in urban areas, for sustainable urban development.

Renovation as a core of conceptual models of relationship for innovative types of reorganization of digitalized cyber-physical systems of construction objects throughout their life cycle

The problem of reorganization, as many types of rearrangement in the dyad ‘man-equipment’ (‘operator-equipment’ in transport; ‘worker-equipment’ in mechanical engineering; ‘tenant-building’ in construction and in housing and communal services), is constantly relevant in a developing society. Modeling of ways and forms of solving this problem, the study of different types of reorganization in the dyad ‘man-equipment’, rationing their characteristics and identifying rational areas of their application in the construction industry of our country has been going on since the first half of the 20th century. Scientific studies of the reorganization problem, the proposed functioning models of each of the types of construction reorganization, formation and improvement of regulatory documents of construction production provide effective activities of construction organizations and a necessary level of quality of processes and results of construction production. At the beginning of the 20th century, the main type of construction reorganization was ‘repair’, which by the middle of the century was divided into three distinguishable categories: repair as such, reconstruction and restoration. Each of these categories has individual properties, characteristics and a range of functioning. The basis for this division was social need. At the end of the 20th century, social phenomena of Russian reality again required a revision of the categories of construction reorganization, therefore, construction science proposed innovative types of construction reorganization (renovation, reversal, recomposition, retreatment, etc.). Each type was a response to a new manifestation of social requirements, all types were equally relevant. Only in the second decade of the 21st century, the urban planning and building production reacted to these achievements of the national building science and chose renovation as a basic type of innovative building. The article discusses a renovation model (П-graph of innovative types of construction reorganization), which allows analysis (downscaling, disintegration) and synthesis (enlargement, integration) of concepts, levels and results of construction reorganization processes.

Gender Issue in Transportation Sector of Nigeria: A Case Study of Lokoja, Kogi State

This paper aimed at finding out what constraint women in transport sector in Lokoja and why employers are reluctant in employing women in the sector? The null hypothesis is that women constraints have no significant effect in transportation sector in Lokoja. Information for the paper was basically from the questionnaire survey method Data generated were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, simple percentages and graphical illustrations. Chi-square analysis was used to test the formulated hypothesis. The result reveals that women constraints have significant effect in transportation sector in Lokoja. Transport business in Lokoja is so dominated by male counterpart and yet some routes are not adequately covered. Based on the aforementioned findings, it is recommended that social attitude in Lokoja, Kogi state and Nigeria in general should be changed in favour of women employment in transport sector. The government of Kogi state should establish driving schools and transport scheme meant to enhance the livelihood of women. The National Union of Road Transport Worker (NURTW) should encourage women to invest in the sector.

Gewerkschaftliche Machtressourcen in landwirtschaftlichen Transformationsprozessen

This paper focuses on labor, trade unions and their bargaining power in agricultural transformation processes. I analyze the effects of the transformation of the sugarcane sector in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, which led to increased unemployment, new forms of control over workers, a fragmentation of workers and to internal conflicts within unions. The power resources of manual and mechanized workers and of rural and transport worker unions were affected differently by those processes. Overall, the bargaining power and struggles of all workers and unions were weakened.