scholarly journals CO2 Emissions and The Transport Sector in Malaysia

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Solaymani
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sustainable Urban Development ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Transport Worker ◽  
Low Carbon Technologies

Transport is an essential infrastructure for development. With its high share of gross domestic product (GDP), it makes a significant contribution to total CO2 emissions in Malaysia. It is therefore important to pay greater attention to reducing CO2 emissions and sustainable development in this sector. Therefore, this study aims at estimating the relationship between transport CO2 emissions and its key drivers using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique. The time period covered by the study extends from 1978 to 2018. It further investigates the response of CO2 emissions to shocks in the value of other variables by employing the generalized impulse response approach. The results suggest that urbanization is the major contributor to the increase in CO2 emissions followed by the carbon intensity of energy in the long-run. Carbon intensity of energy, GDP per transport worker and urbanization contribute significantly to increases in transport CO2 emissions in the short- and long-run. Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis recommends that Malaysia continue to be on track to reach the highest level of income and welfare to give pay more attention to the environment. Therefore, the country maintains its CO2 emissions level in the future because of economic development. Therefore, these findings show that energy and environmental policymakers need to pay more attention to improving energy efficiency and the use of low-carbon technologies and electrification in the transport sector and the use of high-quality public transport, particularly in urban areas, for sustainable urban development.

Income inequality and CO2 emissions: Empirical evidence from Turkey

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 444-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caner Demir ◽  
Raif Cergibozan ◽  
Adem Gök
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Aggregate Consumption ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Impact

The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of income inequality on environmental quality in Turkey within the Environmental Kuznets Curve framework. In order to observe the short-run and long-run effects of income inequality on environmental quality, an autoregressive distributed lag bounds test on CO2 emission has been employed for the period 1963–2011 of Turkey. The results of the analysis reveal that there is a negative association between CO2 emission level and income inequality, which implies that increasing income inequality reduces environmental degradation in Turkey. Hence, a greater inequality in the society leads to less aggregate consumption in the economy due to lower propensity to emit in the richer households resulting in better environmental quality. The findings confirm an argument in the existing literature, which suggests that for developing countries, until a certain level of development, environmental degradation increases as income inequality in the society decreases. The results also confirm the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis.

scholarly journals The Lithium Industry and Analysis of the Beta Term Structure of Oil Companies

Risks ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Manuel Monge ◽  
Luis A. Gil-Alana
Keyword(s):  
Term Structure ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Transportation Industry ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Energy Inputs ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
Beta Risk

According to a statement made in the BP Energy Outlook report in 2017, most of the world’s liquid fuel (petroleum) is being consumed by the transportation industry. The mechanisms used to stimulate changes in the energy markets are affected by government policies that act in more ambitious ways than purely market-driven forces; different governments have promoted incentives involving electric mobility, especially in urban areas. The substitution for crude oil by renewable energy inputs in the transport sector is a major concern for oil producers. Among the different types of clean energies, lithium (Li) is currently assuming an increasingly strategic role. The goals of this paper are two-fold: First, we study the dynamics of the lithium industry and then the beta risk behavior of the 10 largest oil companies in the world for the time period between 11 February 2008 and 10 January 2019. We use an approach based on the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) method. The results indicate that there is a period of dependence between late 2013 and 2016 that occurs in the long-run frequencies of between 32 and 198 days for all cases, except for in the case of PetroChina, thereby demonstrating that the beta term is time-varying. We also find evidence that the beta term reflects and advances oil companies’ responsiveness to movements in the lithium market. In the second part of the paper, we study the dynamics of the beta series by using long-run dependence approaches. The results indicate that the betas are highly persistent, with the order of integration found to be significantly above 1 in all cases.

scholarly journals Exploring OECD SDGs pilot city's 50-year time series data and its Environmental Kuznets Curves

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quan-Hoang Vuong ◽  
Tung Manh Ho ◽  
NGUYỄN Minh Hoàng
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Industrial Firms ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Size Growth ◽  
Paved Road

Can green growth policies help protect the environment while keeping the industry growing and infrastructure expanding? This study applies Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method on the 50-years’ time series data, from 1967 to 2015, of Kitakyushu City, Japan, and found mixed evidence for Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. The analyses of NO2, Ox, falling dust particle, and SOx highlight a trilemma among the growth of industrial firms, infrastructure development, and reducing air-quality degradation. Nevertheless, for CO emission per capita, its logarithm has a general declining trend when plotted against both average firm size growth and paved road area expansion. This finding sheds light on the possibility of developing a regulatory framework that can harmonize a low-carbon society with industrial and infrastructure development.

scholarly journals Exploring Low-Carbon Bus Options for Urban BRT Systems: The Case of Amman

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rana Imam ◽  
Seong-Cheol Kang ◽  
Diana Quezada
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Electric Bus ◽  
Diesel Buses

Being able to provide high-quality, metro-like transit service at a fraction of the cost of other options, bus rapid transit (BRT) has been viewed as one of the most cost-effective public mass transport systems suitable for urban areas. Considering significant amounts of greenhouse gas (GHG) and air pollutant emissions are attributed to the transport sector, deploying low carbon buses for BRT systems should be of high priority. With a view to promoting low carbon buses instead of diesel buses for a BRT system currently being planned in Amman, Jordan, this paper evaluates several low carbon bus options – hybrid, plug-in hybrid, opportunity charging, trolleybus, and battery electric bus options – against the baseline case of diesel buses. While low carbon buses reduce GHG and air pollutant emissions often considerably, they usually require higher upfront capital costs and additional infrastructure investments. On the other hand, they tend to incur lower energy and maintenance costs and have a longer lifetime particularly for battery electric buses. All these advantages and disadvantages are included in the assessment of low carbon bus options relative to diesel buses. For the trunk routes of the Amman BRT, the analysis shows that the opportunity charging bus can be the most appealing option having a positive internal rate of return (IRR) for the incremental investment costs. For the feeder routes, both low carbon bus options considered, hybrid and battery electric, do not result in a positive IRR. Nevertheless, the battery electric bus is found to be a comparatively better option than the hybrid bus. In consideration of variability in several parameters used in the analysis such as capital expenditures, electricity price, and diesel price, a sensitivity analysis is conducted for both trunk and feeder routes. The results show that IRR could increase favorably under certain conditions.

scholarly journals Do economic endeavors complement sustainability goals in the emerging economies of South and Southeast Asia?

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajesh Sharma ◽  
Avik Sinha ◽  
Pradeep Kautish
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Trade Expansion ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
South And Southeast Asia ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Nonrenewable Energy

PurposeIn the present study, the authors intended to investigate whether the economic growth drivers such as per capita income, financial development, nonrenewable energy solutions and trade expansion have invigorated the level of environmental pollution in the eight developing nations of South and Southeast Asia.Design/methodology/approachConsidering the possibility of the cross-sectional dependency, the authors employed relatively new econometric approaches, that is, the Westerlund cointegration test and cross-sectional augmented distributed lag mean estimation (CS-DL) for the period of 1990–2015.FindingsThe simulation results of the study confirmed an N-shaped environmental Kuznets curve, which raised a question on the existing economic policies in these nations. Further, the study reported that the improvements in the financial sector, nonrenewable energy consumption and trade expansion contributed to increasing the level of CO2 emissions in the long run.Originality/valueBased on the results, the authors intended to provide a unique policy framework because the present policies are generating a trade-off between economic and environmental goals. If the suggested framework is employed across sectors, the given countries may likely achieve the sustainable development goals by 2030.

The Environmental Kuznets Curve and Effect Factors of CO2 Emissions in China: Dynamic Econometric Test Based on ARDL Model

2014 ◽  
Vol 962-965 ◽  
pp. 1670-1675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Zou ◽  
Xun Chen ◽  
Jun Na Lv
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Influencing Factor ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Affecting Factors ◽  
Point Energy ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run

For discussing the shape, turning point and influencing factors of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) for Chinese CO2 emissions, by using data for 1960-2009, the dynamic relationship between income, other affecting factors and CO2 emissions was studied utilizing the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag - Error Correction Model (ARDL-ECM) and boundary test methodology. The results suggest the existence of cointegration relationship among variables and presence of an inverted-U shape relationship in both short and long-run, thus supporting the EKC hypothesis. At present China has not surpassed the curve’s turning point. Energy intensity is key influencing factor for CO2 emissions. Industry structure is positively correlated with CO2 emissions. However, trade openness has little influence on it. The short-run environmental negative effect of urbanization and long-run positive effect of population density are both significant, the regression coefficient of energy consumption structure is positive in long-run but negative in short-run.

scholarly journals Smart Cities and Positive Energy Districts: Urban Perspectives in 2020

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2351
Author(s):  
Paola Clerici Maestosi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Sustainable Urban Development ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Contemporary Research ◽  
Low Carbon Energy

This Special Issue of Energies “Smart Cities and Positive Energy Districts: Urban Perspectives in 2020” introduce contemporary research on Smart Cities and on Positive Energy Districts. The topic highlights the variety of research within this field: from the analysis of 61 Positive Energy Districts cases to papers illustrating the Positive Energy Districts dimension or Smart Energy Communities supporting low carbon energy transition as well as selected Smart Cities Experiences. The focus is thus given on how RD&I stakeholders and Municipalities are facing sustainable urban development challenges. An overview of Horizon Europe RD&I program on sustainable urban areas is provided.

scholarly journals Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis on CO2 Emissions: Evidence for China

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Jihuan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Co2 Reduction ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Ekc Hypothesis ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Negative Effect

China is the largest CO2 emitter in the world, and it shared 28% of the global CO2 emissions in 2017. According to the Paris Agreement, it is estimated that China’s CO2 emissions will reach its peak by 2030. However, whether or not the CO2 emissions in China will rise again from its peak is still unknown. If the emission level continues to increase, the Chinese policymakers might have to introduce a severe CO2 reduction policy. The aim of this paper is to conduct an empirical analysis on the long-standing relationship between CO2 emissions and income while controlling energy consumption, trade openness, and urbanization. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model and the bounds test were adopted in evaluating the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. The quantile regression was also used as an inference approach. The study reveals two major findings: first, instead of the conventional U-shaped EKC hypothesis, there is the N-shaped relationship between CO2 emissions and real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in the long run. Second, a positive effect of energy consumption and a negative effect of urbanization on CO2 emissions, in the long run, are also estimated. Quantitatively, if energy consumption rises by 1%, then CO2 emissions will increase by 0.9% in the long run. Therefore, the findings suggest that a breakthrough, in terms of policymaking and energy innovation under China’s specific socioeconomic and political circumstances, are required for future decades.

scholarly journals Exploring the Relationship between Foreign Investments and Carbon Emission: A Bound Test Analysis for Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 7564-7570
Author(s):  
H. Samreen ◽  
S. Wizarat ◽  
Z. Mehdi ◽  
R. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Test Analysis ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Bound Test

In this study, the theoretical and empirical effects of foreign investment, openness to trade, urbanization, and economic development on carbon dioxide emission levels (CO2) in Pakistan were examined. Annual time series for 38 years 1970-2018 were utilized. The Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound test has been used to estimate the model which indicates the presence of cointegration among the variables. Long-run and short-run relationships were observed between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and CO2 emission levels revealing that increase in FDI results in increased CO2 emission levels contributing to environmental degradation. This endorses the theory of Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH) in the case of Pakistan. To achieve the goal of sustainable economic development, it is imperative to consider the possible negative effects of foreign investment on the environment. The study suggests limiting CO2 emissions by adopting more advanced low carbon technologies to ensure growth and a sustainable environment. Strict implementation of environmental laws for foreign and domestic firms both by defining CO2 emission limits, installation of proper waste management plants, and imposing a pollution tax are crucial steps for the improvement of environmental quality.

Low-Carbon Innovation, Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions: Evidence From a Dynamic Spatial Panel Approach in China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caijiang Zhang ◽  
Yu Zhou ◽  
Zhangwen Li
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
High Emission

Abstract Low-carbon innovation plays an essential role in carbon reduction worldwide. This study investigates how low-carbon innovation affects carbon emissions by the Dynamic Spatial Durbin Model based on 30 Chinese provinces from 2007 to 2017. The empirical results show that: First, there exists provincial agglomeration of carbon emissions. High emission provinces concentrate in major economic zones and energy extraction areas. Second, low-carbon innovation decreases carbon emissions in general. The spillover effects are higher than the direct effects in the short run, but the spillover effects are not significant in the long run. Third, the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is valid both in the short-run and long-run. Ninety percent of the provinces' GDP is above the inflection point by 2017. The summary of policy implications is as follows. First, targeted incentives for R&D in low-carbon technologies are needed; Second, the externalities of low-carbon innovation require attention; Third, energy transition need to be promoted as soon as possible.

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