CONNECTING INTERNATIONAL RiD COOPERATION AND TECHNOLOGY SPECIALIZATION IN OECD COUNTRIES

Technology specialization is supported by processes combining inhouse and external innovation. Applying a macroeconomic and international trade theory approach (Linder, 1961), country specialization depends on international RiD cooperation partnerships. External, international RiD cooperation is essential for technology specialization, as it raises awareness of countries’ position on a global technology map. This paper studies international RiD cooperation as a determinant of countries’ technology specialization. Cross-country panel regression was done on a sample of 37 OECD countries for the period 1980-2018. The analysis examined the effect of international RiD cooperation on technology specialization. Data were obtained from the OECD database. Co-patenting with foreign inventors was used to indicate the level of international RiD cooperation. Patent per technology was used to calculate technology specialization based on the Herfindahl index. Results indicate a positive effect of international RiD cooperation on technology specialization. The effect of RiD cooperation on technology specialization is more pronounced when GDP and RiD expenditure were used as control variables. Additionally, the size of the GDP negatively affects technology specialization. This paper identifies international cooperation as a bridge for global information exchange, which results with countries’ technology specialization.

Ricardo and Haberler: an essay on the evolution of the economic thought based on the four magic numbers in the international trade theory

The Ricardian comparative advantage is one key cornerstone in the international trade theory. There is no shortage of textbooks supposing that Ricardo used solely labour as a factor of production. This approach originates with Haberler in the 1930s, who wrote that Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage is robust, but not the labor-cost doctrine, which, Haberler assumed, Ricardo applied. This paper summarizes why Haberler’s perspective emerged, essaying an explanation of his way of interpreting Ricardo. To do this, we considered the new research on Ricardo, whose facets to be known seem to renew over time and never end.

Dampak Penerapan AFCTA di Indonesia dalam Perspektif Ibnu Khaldun dan Abu Ubaid

This study examines the impact of the application of the ACFTA trade cooperation on the economy in Indonesia in terms of the international trade theory of Ibn Khaldun and Abu Ubaid. The methods used is mixed methods (qualitative and quantitative methods) by analyzed the impact of ACFTA on Import and exports beetwen Indonesia and China using time series data during 2005-2018 were sourced from Central Bereau of Statistics and see the relevants thingking of Abu Ubaid dan Ibnu Khaldun to the implementation of ACFTA in Indonesia. The result showed that ACFTA has bad impact on the economy of Indonesia due to the zero cost of tariff on incoming goods. So, a new policy is needed as mentioned by the thingking of Abu Ubaid and Ibnu Khaldun. By eliminating the zero tariff policy and prioritizing economic succes based on the principle of justice and benefit of Indonesia.Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang dampak penerapan kerjasama dagang ACFTA terhadap perekonomian di Indonesia ditinjau dari teori perdagangan internasional Ibnu Khaldun dan Abu Ubaid. Metode yang digunakan adalah mixed methods (metode kualitatif dan metode kuantitatif), yaitu pertama, menganalisis dampak ACFTA terhadap ekspor Impor antara Indonesia dan China dengan menggunakan data time series dari tahun 2005 – 2018 yang didapat dari Badan Pusat Statisitk dan kedua, meninjau relevansi pemikiran Abu Ubaid dan Ibnu Khaldun terhadap penerapan ACFTA di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa selama ini ACFTA berdampak buruk bagi perekonomian Indonesia karena adanya biaya nol tarif terhadap barang yang masuk. Sehingga dibutuhkan kebijakan baru sebagaimana yang disebutkan oleh pemikiran dua tokoh ekonom muslim (Abu Ubaid dan Ibnu Khaldun) yaitu dengan menghilangkan kebijakan nol tarif yang kemudian mengutamakan keberhasilan ekonomi berdasarkan pada asas keadilan dan kemaslahatan masyarakat Indonesia.

ALTERING THE PATTERN OF TRADE IN THE WEALTH OF NATIONS: ADAM SMITH AND THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE THEORY

There are three different interpretations of Adam Smith’s trade theory in modern literature: first, the neoclassical theory of absolute advantage; second, an interpretation based on increasing returns; third, an interpretation of uneven development. These interpretations come to widely different conclusions, especially considering the development of the pattern of trade in Smith’s theory. I discuss how these three interpretations emerged. They do not stem from a more detailed analysis of Smith’s works itself but reflect changes within international trade theory. They all result from the fact that economists have imposed nineteenth- and twentieth-century modes of thoughts on Smith’s theory, forcing his writings into later-developed theoretical frameworks. In contrast to classical economists in the nineteenth century, these subsequent interpretations misrepresent Smith’s trade theory in order to portray him as a forerunner of later theories. The differing interpretations can thus be explained only against the backdrop of the development of international trade theory.