The Eisenhawer Doctrine (1957): The Impact on Arabic Countries and The Soviet Union Attitude

Following the end of World War II, and emerging of a vacuum after the withdrawal of British and French forces from some of the Middle East countries in the region, creating fear in Western countries, particularly the United States, that the Eastern Bloc, in particular Russia, would seek to fill the vacuum and spread the idea of leftism and communism in the region. For this reason, the United States has made every effort to confront the idea of communism and establish a foothold in the region among its policies. To this end, then US President Harry Truman announced his country's new policy in the context of the Truman project on the Middle East in (1945). Following Harry Truman, when Eisenhower assumed power as the new US president in (1953), he put forward the new policy of his country named Eisenhower’s Dwight in Congress in order to confront Russian politics and infiltrate communist thought in the area. There were several items in his project that emphasized the cooperation of Middle Eastern countries, especially in the economic and military fields. The Eisenhower’s Dwight has had a variety of reactions from countries in the region, especially Arab countries. Some have accepted it from the very beginning. Some also expressed opposition to the project. There were also countries that initially opposed the Eisenhower project, but after a period of time following US efforts and pressure, eventually endorsed the project and became a fan of the US. As a result of these political divisions in the region, several political and military alliances between the countries of the Middle East Were formed. The idea of Nasser and the idea of Arab nationalism come to life at this time. Although originally favored by the Eastern Bloc, especially Russia, it also partially weakened the notion of communism and was about to cause tension between proponents of these two ideas. This situation had nothing in fact to do other than destabilizing the political state and the occurrence of several coups in order to change the regime of some of Middle Eastern countries, besides the long sovereignty of some Arab rulers.Regarding the Soveit Union attitude towards the Eisenhower’s doctrine, it can be seen that,the Soveit Union ctitisized by the Soviet authorities from internal and external the SoveitUnbion.For instance the The Soveit Union attempted to gain extermal allies among the Middle Middle Eastren countries to convince them this doctrine is a part previous imperliams that supported by Westren countries.Finally,in the United Nation,The Soveit attempted to make a campaign to remove this doctrine as it mention a therat of world peace.

The literary work of Theodosios of Hilandar: Chronological framework

The period in which Theodosios lived and worked has been one of the more controversial issues raised in the academic circles about this medieval author. Scientific opinions varied considerably on this matter, though in recent years a prevailing theory has been that Theodosios was an author whose literary work can almost certainly be placed in the first couple of decades of the XIV century. This paper re-examines Theodosios' chronology. The manuscripts of Theodosios' works were analyzed first, in order to identify the oldest ones and thus determine the upper time-line of his work. It was concluded that manuscript tradition, from the early decades until mid-XIV century, contained five works of Theodosios, which definitely moves the time they were written in deeper in the past. In our further research we concentrated on the works themselves and their content. A detailed analysis of some works, particularly the Life of St. Sava, resulted in identifying their historical context which, in turn, was significant for determining the time-frame of Theodosios' work. Some episodes from the works, especially the scene of the coronation of Stefan Prvovencani ('the First-Crowned') and the episode with the Hungarian king, hint at certain level of Theodosios' animosity towards the Pope and Catholicism in general. This indicates the period of the Council of Lion (1274) when Byzantium accepted not only the supremacy of the Church of Rome, but also the Roman dogma. Theodosios' discontent, to put it mildly, with Catholic Church and Rome, which is more than evident in the Life of St Sava, could have been a direct reflection of these historical events. It is this anti-Union attitude inherent to Mt. Athos and Hilandar monasticism, to which Theodosios himself belonged, that might have been the reason for writing a new biography of the founder of an independent Serbian Church who was supposed to be the embodiment of all highest spiritual qualities and values of the Orthodox Church which were truly jeopardized at the time. For additional reasons that were elaborated in detail in the article, we opted for the period of king Dragutin's reign (1276-1281) as a logical chronological framework in which the writing of Theodosios' Life of St Sava could be placed. Theodosios may have written the hymnographic works dedicated to St. Sava and Simeon in subsequent years followed by the works dedicated to St Peter of Korisha. In Theodosios' own words, two human generations were separating him from the time when St Peter of Korisha lived. It seems that Theodosios' literary work, in most part belongs to the XIII century.

Integrating Responses across Surveys Using Item Response Theory

This short note proposes and demonstrates the application of an Item Response Theory model to integrate responses across surveys. A preliminary illustration of the model is provided using three union attitude surveys with a total sample of 3,148. Advantages of applying Item Response Theory to survey data are discussed and directions for further use of the model are indicated.

The Development of Members' Attitudes toward Their Unions: Sweden and Canada

This study examines two widely researched attitudes of union members—satisfaction with and commitment to their union—using 1987–88 data on 1,675 union members in professional occupations in Sweden and 476 blue- and white-collar union members in Canada. The authors find, first, that union commitment and union satisfaction are theoretically and empirically different constructs. Second, tests of a theoretical model of union attitude formation indicate that different (though overlapping) sets of factors influence union commitment and union satisfaction. One finding is that activities and processes that provide members with greater information about the union, such as new member orientation programs, newsletters sent to members' homes, and participation in union activities, effectively promote union commitment, but not union satisfaction. The results are very similar across the two samples, suggesting that they have cross-cultural generalizability.