EVALUATION OF CELL BLOCK TECHNIQUE VERSUS CONVENTIONAL CYTOLOGY ON BRONCHOSCOPY GUIDED NEEDLE ASPIRATION/ BRUSH CYTOLOGY FOR DIAGNOSIS OF LUNG CANCER

INTRODUCTION: Bronchoscopy is a safe and effective method for diagnosing lung carcinomas with a variation in the diagnostic yield with different bronchoscopy guided procedures. Cell block technique has shown an addition cases positivity in diagnosing carcinomas as compared to the conventional method. AIM: The present study was aimed to evaluate the diagnostic utility of cell block technique on Bronchoscopy guided needle aspiration/ Brush and also to compare cytological preparation with cell block. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 50 cases were included in the study that was suspected to be having lung carcinoma. These patients went under bronchoscope guided aspirations (TBNA, EBNA, and Brush). Smears were immediately made for conventional cytology study and well as in another aliquot samples were collected to prepare cell blocks following which H&E staining was done. RESULTS: Out of 50 cases, 8 cases came out to be negative on conventional smears and when compared with cell block technique 4 additional cases came out to be positive who were negative on conventional smears. The diagnosis were compared with histopathology biopsies keeping it as a gold standard and results on cell block techniques were conrmed to be true. CONCLUSION: Out of 50 cases, an additional 4 more cases were diagnosed malignant by using the cell blocks technique but there were few drawbacks with cell block technique. In few of the cases on cell block, cellularity was very less, cells morphology was also not very clear and some showed cells entrapped in a clusters. The conclusion made out of this study is that cell block technique is more accurate than the cytological smears and when used in combination diagnostic efcacy will be improved.

Knowledge From Falsehood: An Experimental Study

Philosophers have debated whether it is possible to knowledgeably infer a conclusion from a false premise. For example, if a fan believes that the actress’s dress is blue, but the dress is actually green, can the fan knowledgeably infer “the dress is not red” from “the dress is blue”? One aspect of this debate concerns what the intuitively correct verdict is about specific cases such as this. Here I report a simple behavioral experiment that helps answer this question. The main finding is that people attribute knowledge in cases where a true conclusion is inferred from a false premise. People did this despite judging that the premise was false and unknown. People also viewed the agent as inferring the conclusion from the premise. In closely matched conditions where the conclusion was false, people did not attribute knowledge of the conclusion. These results support the view that the ordinary knowledge concept includes in its extension cases of knowledge inferred from false premises.

Terapi Penyakit Maksiat Menurut Ibnu Al-Qayyim Al-Jauziyyah

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui biografi Ibnu Al-Qayyim Al-Jauziyyah, mengetahui mengenai konsep penyakit maksiat menurut Ibnu Al-Qayyim Al-Jauziyyah serta terapi yang diberikan kepada pengidap penyakit maksiat tersebut. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini merupakan Analisis Isi (Content Analisis) sehingga diharapkan dapat memberikan kesimpulan yang jelas dan benar. Adapun tekhnik pengumpulan data menggunakan cara studi kepustakaan (Library Research). Dan hasil yang ditemukan ialah nama Abu Abdillah Syamsuddin Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr lahir pada 7 Shafar 691 H dan meninggal 13 Rajab 751 H merupakan ulama Tazkiyyatu An-Nafs. Dan buku al-Dã’u wa al-Dawã’u didalamnya membahas tentang penyakit maksiat dan terapi yang diberikan bagi pengidapnya. Konsep penyakit menurut Ibnu Al-Qayyim Al-Jauziyyah mengenai maksiat dibagi menjadi tiga pengertian yang menjelaskan bahwa maksiat merupakan racun, maksiat merupakan perbuatan yang keluar dari norma dan maksiat merupakan kedurhakaan yang membawa pada kedurhakaan yang lainnya. Maka proses terapi yang diberikan ialah dengan Irsyad (konseling), Tabyîn (Penjelasan), Tanbîh wa Tahdîd (Peringatan dan Ancaman), Amr bi Taqwa wa Nahyu a’n Ma’shiyah (Menyeru pada Ketakwaan dan Mencegah kemaksiatan), al-Birru wa at-Tha’atu (Perbuatan baik dan Ketaatan), Mauizhah tentang al-Qur’an, Iman, Kematian, Neraka dan perkara yang menghapus kebaikan atau pahala, Do’a, Dzikir dan Ta’lîl. This study aims to find out the biography of Ibn Al-Qayyim Al-Jauziyyah, learn about the concept of immorality according to Ibn Al-Qayyim Al-Jauziyyah and the therapy given to people with illness that is. The method used in this research is Content Analysis (Content Analysis) so it is expected to give a clear and true conclusion. The data collection technique uses library research method. And the findings are the names of Abu Abdillah Syamsuddin Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr was born on 7 Shafar 691 H and died 13 Rajab 751 H was the scholar of Tazkiyyatu An-Nafs. And the book al-Dã'u wa al-Dawã'u discusses the illness and therapeutic illness given to the person. Then the concept of illness according to Ibn Al-Qayyim Al-Jauziyyah regarding immorality is divided into three definitions which explain that immorality is a poison, immorality is an act that goes out of the norm and vice is a violation that leads to other acts of disobedience. The therapeutic process is given by Irsyad (counseling), Tabyîn (Explanation), Tanbîh wa Tahdîd (Warnings and Threats), Amr bi Taqwa wa Nahyu a'n Ma'shiyah (Call upon Prayers and Prevent disobedience), al-Birru wa at-Tha'atu (Good Deeds and Obedience), Mauizhah of the Qur'an, Faith, Death, Hell and the things that wipe out good or reward, Dhamma, Dzikir and Ta'lîl.

Visfatin and Gestational, Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of Literature

Background: Adipose tissues produce adipocytokines and other various substances that have useful actions in the body. One of such adipocytokines is visfatin which has been linked to diabetes mellitus. Aim: This study aimed at investigating the existence of a probable correlation between plasma levels of visfatin and the various types of diabetes mellitus: type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes mellitus. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed using the Internet search engines linked to academic databases including Pubmed, Google Scholar, Ebsco, Hinari, etc. Studies involving visfatin were thoroughly searched and the references of such articles were also searched for any probable relevant information. Results/Findings: There is no agreed finding regarding the correlation between visfatin and diabetes mellitus. While some authors believed that plasma visfatin levels are elevated in diabetes mellitus, others believed that the contrary might be true. Conclusion: Various studies conducted so far have contrasting opinions about the correlation between plasma visfatin levels and diabetes mellitus.

GERIAUSIO PAAIŠKINIMO IŠVEDIMAS. TARP DEDUKCIJOS, INDUKCIJOS IR ABDUKCIJOS

Geriausio paaiškinimo išvedimas (GPI) išskiriamas kaip pagrindinė mokslo hipotezes ir teorijas atrandanti ir pagrindžianti samprotavimo forma. Straipsnyje tiriamas GPI ir jo santykis su pagrindinėmis samprotavimo rūšimis: dedukcija, indukcija ir abdukcija. GPI pasižymi abdukcijos samprotavimo mechanizmu, tačiau, priešingai nei abdukcija, GPI teikia ne galimą, bet esą teisingą išvadą. GPI yra induktyvus plačiąja prasme samprotavimas, nes jis nepatenkina dedukcijos taisyklių ir jo išvadai nepakanka duomenų. Straipsnyje teigiama, jog nepaisant pastarųjų GPI ypatumų, kurie rodo, kad GPI nėra ir negali būti deduktyviu samprotavimu, GPI reiškia pretenzijas į savo išvados absoliutų teisingumą, t. y. tvirtinamas kone deduktyvus GPI išvados pagrįstumas.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: geriausio paaiškinimo išvedimas, dedukcija, indukcija, abdukcija.Inference to the Best Explanation. Among Deduction, Induction and AbductionAdolfas Mackonis SummaryInference to the best explanation (IBE) is considered to be the main means of discovery and justification of scientific hypotheses and theories. The article investigates this inference and its relationship to the main kinds of inference: deduction, induction and abduction. IBE has an abductive inference mechanism, but, contrary to abduction, infers not a possible, but a true conclusion. IBE is an inductive inference, because it is underdetermined by the rules of deduction and by evidence. The article claims that despite its abductive and inductive features which demonstrate that it is not and cannot be deductive inference, IBE nevertheless makes pretense to an absolute truth of its inference, i.e. claims for an almost deductive validity.Keywords: inference to the best explanation, deduction, induction, abduction.px;">

Can a Justified Belief Be False?

Edmund Gettier objects to analysing knowledge as justified true belief (JTB) on the ground that someone can justifiably infer a true conclusion from a justified false premise and hence not know the conclusion's truth, although the conclusion is justified. For instance, someone can justifiably deduce a true p v r from a justified but false p, where he has no justification for the true r. Gettier's objection draws on two assumptions: first, that a justified belief can be false; second, that a premise can justify a conclusion even though the premise is false.Some JTB advocates grant the first assumption but deny the second. They usually concede the first assumption to protect the respectability of non-deductive inference. The argument is that if evidence e can nondeductively justify the conclusion c, then it must be possible for c to be justified and yet false, since e does not entail c. Although the assumption is sound, the argument as it stands fails to show it. But let us set this point aside for the moment.

On the Sallustan Sv Asoriae

The Sallustian Suasoriae are far from being works whose origin and authenticity can be claimed as matters of earth-shaking importance. As forms of composition their interest is mild; linguistically they are less valuable than bizarre; and as historical records theysuffer from the defect of most Suasoriae—that the author cannot advise about the past and is compelled to deal chiefly with the potentialities of the future. But in spite of this it is not without reason that in Germany much attention has been paid to these few pages of Latin during the last twenty years. If they are what they seem to be, their evidence, such as it is, must at least be taken seriously. And this evidence is not without promise; for not only do these pieces contain several scraps of otherwise missing information largely about the prosopography of the last century B.C., but in general they purport to express the views of Sallust—a man who was no fool, even if his ability was not so great as has some-times been alleged—on the political and economic difficulties of Rome during the closing phase of the career of Julius Caesar. Material of this kind cannot lightly be neglected; but at the same time the significance, both of the author's suggestions and of his casual references to events inthe past, will depend to a great extent on the author having been Sallust himself, and not a member of some rhetor's establishment writing perhaps a hundred years or more after the events with which he pretends to be contemporary. So though there may be no welcome for yet another addition to the literature of a subject whose bibliography is already long, it may still be worth while to make some observations which will perhaps help to show that, wherever the true conclusion about the authenticity of these pamphlets may lie, at least it does not lie in the direction which has been taken in recent years by several scholars—in particular by Pöhlmann and Eduard Meyer.