„Skrajny kwadrant gwiazdozbioru” – astronomia w fantastyce naukowej

As the author of the article claims, there exist close and lasting links between astronomy and science fiction genre. First and foremost, both of these phenomena developed in parallel since antiquity, and both have fiction at their centre as a socially established type of imagination. Scientific hypotheses use justified fabrication, and science fiction offers images of fictional cosmologies. Many writers of proto-science fiction brought astronomical concepts into social play. Among them were astronomers and philosophers who extensively used plot devices based on mythology or allegorical transformations: from Lucian of Samosata to Johannes Kepler. Space travel, beginning with Jules Verne’s prose, is an important part of the thematic resource of science fiction. Astronomy played an important role also in the beginnings of Polish science fiction, thanks to works of Michał Dymitr Krajewski and Teodor Tripplin.

How Failure to Falsify contributes to the Replication Crisis in the Clinical Neurosciences

This critical review discusses evidence for the replication crisis in the clinical neuroscience literature with focus on the size of the literature and how scientific hypotheses are framed and tested. We aim to reinvigorate discussions born from philosophy of science regarding falsification (see Popper, 1959;1962) but with hope to bring pragmatic application that might give real leverage to attempts to address scientific reproducibility. The surging publication rate has not translated to unparalleled scientific progress so the current “science-by-volume” approach requires new perspective for determining scientific ground truths. We describe an example from the network neurosciences in the study of traumatic brain injury where there has been little effort to refute two prominent hypotheses leading to a literature without resolution. Based upon this example, we discuss how building strong hypotheses and then designing efforts to falsify them can bring greater precision to the clinical neurosciences. With falsification as the goal, we can harness big data and computational power to identify the fitness of each theory to advance the neurosciences.

Scientific hypotheses of the origin of Radimichi

The article deals with the scientific hypotheses of the origin of the Radimichi tribal association, set out in the scientific literature. It is noted that, despite the fact that the problem of the genesis of the Radimichi has interested scientists for more than a decade, the generally accepted theory of the “Lyash” origin of the Radimichi causes a number of contradictions that will have to be considered in modern historical science. In the article, the author identifies the most important theories for further study of the origin of the Radimichi tribal association. In particular, the Upper Dniester theory of V. V. Sedov

Interpretable Visualization of Scientific Hypotheses in Literature-based Discovery

In this paper we present an approach for interpretable visualization of scientific hypotheses that is based on the idea of semantic concept interconnectivity, network-based and topic modeling methods. Our visualization approach has numerous adjustable parameters which provides the domain experts with additional flexibility in their decision making process. We also make use of the Unified Medical Language System metadata by integrating it directly into the resulting topics, and adding the variability into hypotheses resolution. To demonstrate the proposed approach in action, we deployed end-to-end hypothesis generation pipeline AGATHA, which was evaluated by BioCreative VII experts with COVID-19-related queries.

The episodic man: How a psychological biography of Donald J. Trump casts new light on empirical research into narrative identity

People make meaning through life narrative. The central thesis of my book-length psychological biography of Donald Trump is that the 45th president of the United States defied this general meaning-making tendency and epitomized instead the episodic man. Like no other president in modern history, Trump seems to be nearly devoid of a narrative identity, which is an internalized and evolving story of the self that reconstructs the personal past and imagines the future in order to provide life with temporal continuity and meaning. Instead, Trump has always lived in the emotionally vivid moment (episode), fighting to win each moment, moment by discrete moment. Seeing him through the lens of the episodic man helps to explain many puzzling features of Donald Trump’s personality, from his charismatic effect on millions of Americans to his penchant for lying and malice. Importantly, the analysis of Trump’s episodic nature informs the scientific study of narrative identity and meaning making more generally, suggesting that people vary not only with respect to the kinds of stories they create for their lives but also with respect to the extent to which they construe life in narrative terms. Therefore, the analysis of Trump illustrates the potentially reciprocal relationship between the idiographic case and the nomothetic effort to develop and evaluate more general scientific hypotheses.

Degrees of riskiness, falsifiability, and truthlikeness

In this paper, we take a fresh look at three Popperian concepts: riskiness, falsifiability, and truthlikeness (or verisimilitude) of scientific hypotheses or theories. First, we make explicit the dimensions that underlie the notion of riskiness. Secondly, we examine if and how degrees of falsifiability can be defined, and how they are related to various dimensions of the concept of riskiness as well as the experimental context. Thirdly, we consider the relation of riskiness to (expected degrees of) truthlikeness. Throughout, we pay special attention to probabilistic theories and we offer a tentative, quantitative account of verisimilitude for probabilistic theories.

The Impact of Change Management on the Efficiency of Organizations: An Applied Study on the DAL Dairy Factory - Sudan 2019 - 2020

Objectives: This study aims to know the effect of change in culture and technology on efficiency in Dairy Factory - Sudan, 2019-2020 and to know the views of managers on the impact of change management on efficiency, to identify the positive aspects that help in improving this efficiency as well as to identify the negatives Which limit the company's efficiency in this field, by answering the following research questions: - Is there an impact of changing culture and technology on increasing the efficiency of institutions? To answer these questions on which the problem is centered around, the following scientific hypotheses were put forward: - There is a statistically significant relationship between changing the organization's culture and increasing the efficiency of organizations, as well as the existence of a statistically significant relationship between changing technology in the organization and increasing the efficiency of organizations. Methods: The descriptive and analytical approach was used to describe the phenomenon under study, and the questionnaire was used to collect various data. The questionnaire was distributed to the sample members who numbered (55) employees to conduct the statistical analysis for this study, through the program used for the statistical analysis of social sciences, the hypotheses were tested by Median and chi-square. Finding: inflating the culture of the departments and divisions of the company, the stagnation and inflexibility of the society's culture, and the inadequacy of that culture to the requirements of work within the community, which led to an overlap in the powers and responsibilities? The most important recommendations: The necessity of changing the organizational structure to comply with the requirements of work, after carefully studying the internal and external environment, and for the change to take place based on the recommendations of specialists in administrative sciences. So that it is not random and does not lead to an inflation of the organizational structure without success. Value: The importance of the study stems from the fact that it addresses an important topic in business administration, which is managing change in organizations, which is the only way for these organizations to develop and continue to exist. It also studies the reality of change management in the DAL Dairy Factory - Sudan.

Determining molecular archetype composition and expression from bulk tissues with unsupervised deconvolution

Complex tissues are composite ecological systems whose components interact with each other to create a unique physiological or pathophysiological state distinct from that found in other tissue microenvironments. To explore this ground yet dynamic state, molecular profiling of bulk tissues and mathematical deconvolution can be jointly used to characterize heterogeneity as an aggregate of molecularly distinct tissue or cell subtypes. We first introduce an efficient and fully unsupervised deconvolution method, namely the Convex Analysis of Mixtures - CAM3.0, that may aid biologists to confirm existing or generate novel scientific hypotheses about complex tissues in many biomedical contexts. We then evaluate the CAM3.0 functional pipelines using both simulations and benchmark data. We also report diverse case studies on bulk tissues with unknown number, proportion and expression patterns of the molecular archetypes. Importantly, these preliminary results support the concept that expression patterns of molecular archetypes often reflect the interactive not individual contributions of many known or novel cell types, and unsupervised deconvolution would be more powerful in uncovering novel multicellular or subcellular archetypes.

Embattled Excavations. Colonial and Transcultural Constructions of the American Deep Past

American national self-invention is fundamentally entwined with cultural constructions of American “prehistory” – the human presence on the continent since the earliest arrivals at least 16,000 years ago. Embattled Excavations offers exemplary readings of the entanglements between reconstructions of the American deep past and racialist ideologies and legal doctrine, with continental expansionism and Manifest Destiny, and with the epistemic and spiritual crisis about the origins of mankind following nineteenth-century discoveries in the fields of geology and evolutionary biology. It argues, from a decolonial perspective, that popular assumptions about the early history of settlement effectively downplay the length and intensity of the Indigenous presence on the continent. Individual chapters critically investigate modern scientific hypotheses about Pleistocene migrations; they follow in the tracks of imperial and transatlantic adventurers in search of Maya ruins and fossil megafauna; and they triangulate colonial and transcultural reconstructions of the events leading to the formation of Crater Lake (Oregon) with previously ignored Indigenous traditions about the ancient cataclysm. The examples show a deep-seated colonial anxiety about America’s foreign pre-colonial past, evinced by popular archaeology’s nervous silencing of Indigenous knowledge – a condition now subject to revision due to a growing Indigenous presence in the discursive field.

FORMATION OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COMPETENCIES OF LAW STUDENTS

The practical activity of a lawyer involves a comprehensive analysis of various legal situations, the search for optimal ways to resolve them, the use of analogies, generalization, development and substantiation of new legal positions (including based on doctrinal sources), that is, it contains elements of the researcher's work. With this in mind, one of the important components in teaching legal students is the formation of their research competencies. The purpose of this study is to prepare proposals for improving approaches to the formation of scientific research competencies of students of legal specialties. During the research, formal legal, sociological and other methods of scientific knowledge were used. As a result of the study, proposals were substantiated for the formation of scientific research competencies of law students, based on the logic of scientific research in the field of law. These proposals imply consistent training of law students to work with facts of reality, scientific facts, scientific problems and scientific hypotheses, using appropriate methods of scientific knowledge.