A Multi-Objective Meta-Heuristic Approach to Improve the Bus Transit Network: A Case Study of Fargo-Moorhead Area

In this study, the Transit Network Design Problem (TNDP) is studied to determine the set of routes and frequency on each route for public transportation systems. To ensure the important concerns of planners like route length, route configuration, demand satisfaction, and attractiveness of the transit routes, the TNDP is solved to generate a set of routes by proposing an initial route set generation (IRSG) procedure embedded into the NSGA-II algorithm. The proposed IRSG algorithm aims to produce high-quality initial route set solutions to reach better optimization procedures. Moreover, the Multi-Objective Mixed-Integer Non-Linear Programming (MOMINLP) model is proposed to formulate the frequency setting problem on each route by minimizing the total travel time of passengers (user costs) and operator costs simultaneously, while maximizing the service coverage area near all the bus stops. The MOMINLP model is solved by applying the NSGA-II algorithm to produce a Pareto front between the first and the second objective functions. The model was applied to the Fargo-Moorhead Area (FMA), a small urban area. Results were compared with the existing transit network to measure the efficiency of the NSGA-II solution methodology. The proposed algorithm was found to considerably decrease the total travel time of passengers.

ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING ROUTE NETWORK OF THE CITY OF MARHANETS

Purpose. Analysis of the problem of quality functioning of the city passenger transport system of Marhanets in order to develop proposals to improve the quality of transport services. Methodology. To determine the capacities of areas of origin and arrival of passengers used tabular method. Graph theory was used in the development of the topological scheme. The gravitational model was used to calculate the matrix of interdistrict correspondence. Findings. The analysis of the current state of the existing route transport network of Marhanets is performed; the topological scheme of the city is developed; the characteristic of operating city routes is presented; the capacities of transport districts are determined, the matrix of interdistrict correspondence is calculated; the assessment of the existing route network is performed, the initial route network is formed; determined time spent on approaching the stops. Originality. The study of the process of transportation of passengers on the transport network of Marhanets will allow to develop proposals for improving the passenger route network to improve the quality of transport services to the population of the city. Practical value. The practical significance of the work is that the development of a rational passenger route network will improve the quality of transport services for the population of Marhanets, reduce the time spent by passengers to approach the stops and improve the quality of passenger service.

Research on Ship Meteorological Route Based on A-Star Algorithm

Ship meteorological navigation is based on hydrometeorological data of a certain time scale, considering the ship’s motion characteristics and its own characteristics. First, we provide the best route for the ship and then use real-time local weather information to correct the route during the ship’s navigation. It can also be expressed as follows: it is based on the hydrological and meteorological conditions of the ship during its voyage and the seakeeping characteristics of the ship itself, and the route planning method is used to select the best route for the ship. The best route is a balance between economy and safety, that is, based on ensuring the safety of ship navigation, the route that meets the shortest navigation time, the least fuel consumption, or the least navigation risk is obtained. Weather navigation includes the optimization of the initial route before sailing and the correction of the route after sailing. As there may be errors in hydrometeorological forecasts, especially in the accuracy and real-time performance of medium and long-term forecasts, the optimal initial route may not achieve the best results. Therefore, after the ship sails, it is necessary to adjust and correct the preferred initial route based on the meteorological information detected by the sensors or the continuously updated hydrometeorological forecast data to ensure the best effect of meteorological navigation. This paper proposes a weather route planning method based on the improved A-star algorithm. The convex shape of the concave obstacle and the expansion of the obstacle are carried out; according to the position of the target point relative to the starting point, the search direction of the A-star algorithm at each node is restricted, and an improved A-star algorithm is proposed. The simulation of global weather route planning shows that the improved A-star algorithm can not only find the optimal path but also effectively reduce the number of nodes that the algorithm needs to search during operation. Compared with the classic algorithm, the improved algorithm reduces the number of node searches by 29.25%.

Preventing Post-Conflict Terrorism in Poso through Message of Peace: A Case Study of Peace-Striving Khalifah Group

This study discussed a Peace-Striving Khalifah Group which consisted of several former convicts of terrorism case of Poso conflict. This study used a qualitative approach with case study method. The results revealed that the motivators and the activators of the Peace-Striving Khalifah Group were using a cultural message model at the self-disclosure stage. The cultural approach was used as a whole. While the psychological approach was not recognized as an initial route by motivators. The ideologies of the former terrorist convicts who were members of the Peace-Striving Khalifah Group were filled with issues of Khilafah, Pancasila, Thaghut and Takfir. One of the conveyed messages models of the group was peaceful-style religious da'wah which included inclusive da'wah messages and respect to the diversity of the people. The role of da'wah brought by the group thought a kind and soothing da'wah which is respected the people.

Development of an Efficient Route to 2-Ethynylglycerol for the Synthesis of Islatravir

The unnatural, alkyne-containing nucleoside analog islatravir (MK-8591) is synthetically accessed through a biocatalytic cascade starting from 2-ethynylglycerol as a building block. Herein, we describe the development of an efficient synthesis of this building block including the initial route, route scouting and final process development. Key challenges that have been overcome are the development of an efficient and safe acetylenic nucleophile addition to an appropriate ketone, and the identification of a 2-ethynylpropane-1,2,3-triol derivative with favorable physical properties. An acid-catalyzed cracking of commercially available 1,3-dihydroxyacetone dimer and subsequent 1,2-addition of an acetylenic nucleophile has been discovered and optimized into the manufacturing process

Development of an Efficient Route to 2-Ethynylglycerol for the Synthesis of Islatravir

The unnatural, alkyne-containing nucleoside analog islatravir (MK-8591) is synthetically accessed through a biocatalytic cascade starting from 2-ethynylglycerol as a building block. Herein, we describe the development of an efficient synthesis of this building block including the initial route, route scouting and final process development. Key challenges that have been overcome are the development of an efficient and safe acetylenic nucleophile addition to an appropriate ketone, and the identification of a 2-ethynylpropane-1,2,3-triol derivative with favorable physical properties. An acid-catalyzed cracking of commercially available 1,3-dihydroxyacetone dimer and subsequent 1,2-addition of an acetylenic nucleophile has been discovered and optimized into the manufacturing process

Progress Towards a Large-Scale Synthesis of Molnupiravir (MK-4482, EIDD-2801) from Cytidine

<div> <div> <div> <p>Molnupiravir (MK-4482, EIDD-2801) is a promising orally bioavailable drug candidate for treatment of COVID-19. Herein we describe a supply-centered and chromatography-free synthesis of molnupiravir from cytidine, consisting of two steps: a selective enzymatic acylation followed by transamination to yield the final drug product. Both steps have been successfully performed on decagram scale: the first step at 200 g, and the second step at 80 g. Overall, molnupiravir has been obtained in a 41% overall isolated yield compared to a maximum 17% isolated yield in the patented route. This route provides many advantages to the initial route described in the patent literature and would decrease the cost of this pharmaceutical should it prove safe and efficacious in ongoing clinical trials.</p> </div> </div> </div>

Progress Towards a Large-Scale Synthesis of Molnupiravir (MK-4482, EIDD-2801) from Cytidine

<div> <div> <div> <p>Molnupiravir (MK-4482, EIDD-2801) is a promising orally bioavailable drug candidate for treatment of COVID-19. Herein we describe a supply-centered and chromatography-free synthesis of molnupiravir from cytidine, consisting of two steps: a selective enzymatic acylation followed by transamination to yield the final drug product. Both steps have been successfully performed on decagram scale: the first step at 200 g, and the second step at 80 g. Overall, molnupiravir has been obtained in a 41% overall isolated yield compared to a maximum 17% isolated yield in the patented route. This route provides many advantages to the initial route described in the patent literature and would decrease the cost of this pharmaceutical should it prove safe and efficacious in ongoing clinical trials.</p> </div> </div> </div>