Toxicity of primulic acid 1 against a daphnid species Simocephalus expinosus s.l.

Primulic acid 1 is the main saponin present in Primula elatior. The present study describes the isolation of this amphiphilic compound from primula root. It was performed by ultrasonic maceration, reverse-phase column chromatography and crystallization. Investigations of its physicochemical property are represented by the determination of critical micelle concentration (cmc). The cmc value of the amphiphile was 9.4 × 10−5 mol·dm−3. The evaluation of environmental toxicity was performed on a daphnid species Simpocephalus expinosus s.l., which was very sensitive to primulic acids 1. The results from acute immobilisation test show that the tested compound has half maximal effective concentration after 24 hours (EC50-24 h) equal to 6.9 mg·l−1. Saponin can be classified as a toxic compound for aquatic organisms.

Isolation of a High Antioxidant Non-Toxic Polar Fraction from Garcinia mangostana Fruit Pericarp by Reverse Phase Column Chromatography

The crude polar extract of mangosteen fruit pericarp not only has a moderate antioxidant activity of (55±4 μg/mL) but also has high cytotoxicity (16±0.5 μg/mL). The high cytotoxicity presumably is caused by the presence of complex cytotoxic compounds from the mangosteen pericarp. To obtain a non-toxic extract preparation with high antioxidant activity, polar crude 50% ethanol extracts of mangosteen pericarp were partially purified using reverse-phase column chromatography with Silica C18 as the stationary phase and acetonitrile-water gradient elution. Six of the ten fractions collected had high antioxidant activities, with IC50 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging antioxidant levels <50 μg/mL. Three fractions (fractions 3, 5, and 7) with the highest antioxidant activities of (16.4 ± 0.6 µg/mL), (17.8 ± 2 µg/mL) and (17.4 ± 1.8 µg/mL) respectively, were chosen for further cytotoxicity, phenolic content and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The cytotoxic tests were conducted with the Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay. Fraction 3 had low cytotoxicity (LC50 485 ± 96 µg/mL) and fraction 5 was non-toxic (LC50 ≥ 1000 µg/mL), while fraction 7 still had high cytotoxicity (LC50 2.8 ± 0.8 µg/mL). The chromatogram profiles of HPLC showed that fractions 3 and 5 contained more polar compounds than the compounds present in fraction 7. It can be concluded that the reverse phase method succeeded in the isolation of a non-toxic polar fraction, that is, fraction 5, with a significantly higher (p<0.05) antioxidant activity than in the original crude polar extracts. This fraction had a high total phenolic content of 43.3 ± 0.3 g GAE per 100 g extract.

Identification of an anti-plant-virus molecule in Alpinia zerumbet

In plants, viral diseases are second only to fungal diseases in terms of occurrence, and cause substantial damage to agricultural crops. The aqueous extracts of shell ginger, Alpinia zerumbet exhibit inhibitory effects against virus infections in belonging to the Solanaceae family. In this study, we isolated an anti-plant-virus molecule from the extracts using a conventional method involving a combination of reversed phase column chromatography, dialysis, and lyophilization. The anti-plant-virus molecule was identified as proanthocyanidin, which mostly consisted of epicatechin and exhibited more than 40 degrees of polymerization.

Identification of an anti-plant-virus molecule in Alpinia zerumbet

In plants, viral diseases are second only to fungal diseases in terms of occurrence, and cause substantial damage to agricultural crops. The aqueous extracts of shell ginger, Alpinia zerumbet exhibit inhibitory effects against virus infections in belonging to the Solanaceae family. In this study, we isolated an anti-plant-virus molecule from the extracts using a conventional method involving a combination of reversed phase column chromatography, dialysis, and lyophilization. The anti-plant-virus molecule was identified as proanthocyanidin, which mostly consisted of epicatechin and exhibited more than 40 degrees of polymerization.

Identification of an Anti-Plant-Virus Molecule in Alpinia Zerumbet

In plants, viral diseases are second only to fungal diseases in terms of occurrence, causing substantial damage to agricultural crops. The aqueous extract of Alpinia zerumbet exhibits inhibitory effect against virus infection in Solanaceae members. In this study, we isolated an anti-plant-virus molecule from the extract using a conventional method of a combination of reversed phase column chromatography, dialysis, and lyophilization. The anti-plant-virus molecule was identified as proanthocyanidin, which mostly consisted of epicatechin and showed more than 40 degrees of polymerization.

Observations on Ion Interaction Chromatographic System: Reversed Phase Column—H3BO3/TBAOH Mobile Phase and the Effect of Temperature

New ion interaction chromatographic (IIC) system with RP column and boric acid plus tetra-n-butylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH) mobile phase was investigated. In the system: CPhenylHexyl—10 mM H3BO3/4 mM TBAOH, a large group of anions viz. F−,IO3−, Cl−, ClO2−, BrO3−, NO2−, Br−, NO3−, ClO3−, I−, HPO42−, SO42−, CrO42−, S2O32−, benzoate−, SCN−, ClO4− and phthalate2−, could be isocratically resolved. A study on the effect of temperature revealed that some ions added to ion exchange are also held in the stationary phase by the hydrophobic adsorption. The retention loss for all anions with time was observed. This effect however, was quite slow and good separations could be obtained even after the column stayed a few hundred hours in the mobile phase.