Qualidade e composição do leite: Raças Holandesa e Jersey

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar e comparar a qualidade do leite produzido em duas propriedades, uma no interior do município de Pelotas (RS) criadora de gado da raça Holandesa e outra no interior do município de Capão do Leão (RS) criadora de gado da raça Jersey. As amostras de leite cru refrigerado foram coletadas, mensalmente, no período de fevereiro de 2017 a janeiro de 2018, totalizando 24 amostras. Foram determinados os teores de gordura e proteína, a contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e a contagem bacteriana total (CPP) de acordo com os métodos internacionais da Federação Internacional de Laticínios (IDF, International Dairy Federation). Os dados foram avaliados por análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (p>0,05), utilizando o programa estatístico Statistica versão 7.0. Todas as amostras coletadas apresentaram teores de gordura acima de 3% e somente uma amostra apresentou teor de proteína menor que 2,9%. A raça Jersey apresentou os maiores teores de gordura e proteína. Os maiores teores de gordura e proteína foram obtidos nas estações mais frias. O valor médio anual de CCS e CPP para a raça Jersey ficaram abaixo dos limites preconizados pela IN 76, enquanto que para a raça Holandesa ficaram acima. Portanto, é importante realizar o acompanhamento mensal das vacas individualmente, pois através desta prática é possível identificar os animais que estão prejudicando a qualidade da composição do leite, bem como detectar a saudabilidade dos mesmos e identificar se as boas práticas estão sendo efetivas.

Boas práticas agropecuárias na produção leiteira: diagnóstico e ajuste de não conformidades

RESUMO Objetivou-se com este estudo desenvolver e validar uma ferramenta semiológica para diagnóstico do nível de adoção e conformidade das boas práticas agropecuárias em fazendas de produção de leite, segundo requisitos preconizados pela Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) e pela International Dairy Federation (IDF). A ferramenta foi testada em 62 fazendas de produção de leite, em seis diferentes regiões do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, como parte das ações do Projeto Protambo - "Transferência de tecnologias para o desenvolvimento da atividade leiteira no RS com base nas boas práticas agropecuárias" - da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa, entre janeiro de 2014 e março de 2017. A validação da ferramenta não apontou divergências estatisticamente significativas entre avaliadores, satisfazendo o parâmetro de exatidão para métodos de medições exigidos pela ISO/IEC 17025. Foi evidenciado um espaço de variação que mostrou desenvolvimento de métrica, em que se obteve consistência (coerência) de medição. O teste t-Student aproximado para a comparação de médias de não conformidades nas BPA mostrou melhora significativa no grupo tratamento (diagnóstico seguido de plano de ajuste) quando comparado ao controle (diagnóstico sem plano de ajuste subsequente). Essa nova abordagem semiológica contribui para a adoção das BPA em fazendas leiteiras, para a melhoria da qualidade do leite e da segurança na cadeia produtiva de lácteos.

Contamination of Cow Milk by Heavy Metals in Serbia

Background: Dairy cows are exposed to numerous environmental hazards, such as heavy metals. Milk and dairy products could be harmful to humans when maximum tolerable amounts of heavy metals are exceeded. Analysis of heavy metals in milk is important because milk is a source of essential nutrients and is an indicator of environmental contamination. Some heavy metals are essential to maintain proper metabolic activity in living organisms, but at exceeded levels they could be toxic to living organisms. The main objective of the present study was to determine the residue levels of ten heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in cow milk in Serbia.Materials, Methods & Results: The experiment was conducted at three farms at Vojvodina district, Serbia. Cows from all three farms were on pasture during spring and summer time. Randomly 50 cows from each farm were taken for this experiment. The cows have similar body condition score they were in their third or fourth lactation and gave approximately the same amount of milk in the previous lactation. Total 150 milk samples were collected from cows during the morning milking, in the period between April to May in 2016. All 150 milk samples were transported to laboratory as soon as possible and analyzed for the heavy metals. Heavy metals were analyzed by Inductance coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometry. Data are presented as mean values ± sd. Statistical analysis was done by one way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. The highest average concentration in cow milk was determined for Iron (283.9 mg/kg), then for Zinc (60.21 mg/kg) and Copper (4.404 mg/kg), while the lowest concentration was for Cobalt and Lead (less than 0.005 mg/kg).Discussion: Bioaccumulation is one of the biggest problems with heavy metals. Heavy metals residues in milk can be very dangerous for the calves and humans as well. The existence of trace elements and heavy metals in dairy products and milk has been recorded in various countries since it is considered as one of the most dangerous aspects of food contamination. The presence of heavy metals in cow's milk may be attributed to contamination due to exposure of lactating cow to environmental pollution or consumption of contaminated feeding stuffs and water. Heavy metals after intake in cow organism distributed to all organs and glands such as udder. By that, secretory udder tissue gets intoxicated with heavy metals and after that they can be found in milk. After analyses the results in this experiment the highest average concentration of Fe in cow milk it might be because cows were fed with hay from pasture rich in iron between April to May. Some researchers found the amounts of Cu in the milk of individual varied from 0.2 to 0.8 mg/kg. Contrary to this finding, in current study the average value of Cu in cow milk was 4.404 mg/kg. It is found that the highest concentration of Zn in cow milk is 10.75 mg/kg, lower compare to result in current study (60.21 mg/kg). Arsenic (As) concentration was 0.058 mg/kg, cadmium (Cd) was 0.01 mg/kg, cobalt (Co) was 0.002 mg/kg, chrome (Cr) was 0.018 mg/kg, manganese (Mn) was 0.493 mg/kg, nickel (Ni) was 0.119 mg/kg and lead (Pb) was 0.08 mg/kg what is just above recommended values by International Dairy Federation. The results showed that most of the milk samples from the different farm contained all the studied metals with concentration higher than those recommended by International Dairy Federation and Codex for cow milk.

ТНЕ FERMENTED SOUR-MILK DESSERTS WITH BIFIDOGENIC

Probiotic cultures that provide a beneficial effect on the consumer's organism and normalize the composition and functions of the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract include such types of lacto-and bifidobacteria as Lactobacillusacidophilus, Lactobacilluscasei, Bifidobacteriumspp. (B. adolescentis, B. animalisssp. Lactis, B. bifidum, B. longum, B. breve). Bifidobacteria are one of the most important groups of intestinal microorganisms that dominate the anaerobic flora of the colon. The International Dairy Federation calls bioproducts such mixtures that contain at least 1 ∙ 106 bifidobacteria in 1 cm3. It should be noted that for most microorganisms that are representatives of the normal microflora of the human intestinal tract, milk is an unfavorable environment for their development. This is due to the fact that low-molecular compounds, such as free amino acids, monosaccharides, essential for the development of microorganisms are practically absent in milk, and the fact that most bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus, Lactococcus and Bifidobacterium belong to obligate anaerobes, which are negatively affected by air oxygen. Therefore, bifidobacteria that belong to anaerobes in milk develop very slowly. Bifidobacteria are actively involved in the restoration of normal intestinal microflora in gastrointestinal diseases and after antibiotic treatment. To stimulate their development, it is necessary to use strains of bifidobacteria adapted to milk, to provide the necessary composition of the nutrient medium and growth stimulants for their development, and also to cultivate them together with lactic acid bacteria that have high β-galactosidase activity, which increases their own β-galactosidase activity bifidobacteria.

Inventory of microbial species with a rationale: a comparison of the IDF/EFFCA inventory of microbial food cultures with the EFSA Biohazard Panel qualified presumption of safety

ABSTRACT In order to provide a harmonised preassessment to support risk assessment performed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the Biohazard Panel in 2007 published guidelines for evaluation of the safety of a strain included in the food chain, the Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS). Since 2008, the Biohazard Panel has published on a regular basis an update of the microbial strains submitted for approval and extends the list of species which have been granted QPS status. The International Dairy Federation (IDF) and the European Food and Feed Cultures Association (EFFCA) have, since 2002, been conducting a project on the safety demonstration of microbial food cultures (MFCs). Following the publication of IDF Bulletin 377–2002, an inventory of MFCs was published in IDF Bulletin 455–2012 and updated most recently in IDF Bulletin 495–2018. These two lists developed by EFSA (QPS) and IDF/EFFCA both propose as an outcome an inventory of microbial species that are safe for human consumption. To avoid confusion when these two inventories are compared, this review attempts to explain the rationale that was used to develop them and explain how the two lists should be understood.