Poultry Feather Waste as Bio-Based Cross-Linking Additive for Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber

Most rubbers used today rely on sulphur as a cross-linking agent and carbon black from fossil resources to modify the mechanical properties. A very promising substitute can be found in natural keratins such as feathers. These are not only tough, but also contain a relevant amount of sulphur in the form of disulphide bridges. The present study shows that these can be activated under vulcanisation conditions and then bind covalently to EPDM rubber to form a cross-linked network. Feathers were cut into lengths of 0.08, 0.2, and 1 mm and incorporated at 38, 69, or 100 phr into EPDM mixtures containing either no carbon black or no carbon black nor sulphur. The presence of feather cuttings increases the tensile and compressive strength as well as the hardness, and reduces the rebound resilience. Due to their high (approximately 17%) nitrogen content, the feathers also improve the thermal stability of the composite, as the main degradation step is shifted from 400 °C to 470 °C and the decomposition is significantly slowed down. Since elastomers are a large market and feathers in particular are a high-volume waste, the combination of these two offers enormous ecological and economic prospects.

Off-line analysis in the manganese catalysed epoxidation of ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM) with hydrogen peroxide

Epoxidation of ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM), based on 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene, to epoxidized EPDM (eEPDM) opens routes to cross-linking and reactive blending, with increased polarity aiding adhesion to polar materials such as silica.