Lessons Learned From the Use of the Laser Doppler Velocimeter and the Particle Image Velocimeter for Water Flow Bounded by a Layer of Oil

The objectives of this paper are to describe the learning of the use of the Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV) as well as the Particle Image Velocimeter (PIV), including the fine points in their usage for instructional purposes. The application is to measure the velocity distribution across a flow of water bounded by a layer of oil using lasers. The characteristics at the oil-water interface are very interesting. It would be significant to measure the velocity distributions around this region. Such a scenario occurs during oil spills and spills of oily chemical pollutants in the sea or open ocean. The LDV is a well established method for measuring both laminar and turbulent flows. In this method, tracer particles are used to assist in measuring velocity profiles. This method was pushed to the limit by measuring the velocity boundary layer in the open channel flow. The average free-stream velocity is measured by other conventional means as a check on the LDV measurements. The PIV method is an optical method used to obtain instantaneous velocity measurements and related properties in fluids. The fluid is seeded with tracer particles and it is the motion of these seeded particles that is used to calculate the velocity information of the flow being studied. The PIV produces two dimensional vector fields. The simple PIV system was pushed to the limit by using it to measure the velocities in the oil-water interface of an open channel flow bounded by oil on the surface. The major difference between the LDV and the PIV is that the LDV measurements are done at a point, whereas the PIV measures the velocity of a region. Furthermore, PIV produces two dimensional vector fields while the LDV produces only a velocity measurement.

An Integrated Micron-Resolution Particle Image Velocimeter/Optical Tweezers (μPIVOT) for Microenvironment Investigations

A novel instrument has been developed (μPIVOT) to manipulate and characterize the mechanical environment in and around microscale objects by integrating two laser-based techniques: micron-resolution particle image velocimetry (μPIV) and optical tweezers (OT). While the μPIVOT enables a new realm of microscale studies, it still maintains the individual capabilities of each optical technique. Ongoing investigations will provide a unique perspective towards understanding microscale phenomena including cell biomechanics, non-Newtonian fluid flow, and single particle or particle-particle hydrodynamics.