In binocular vision inspection system, the calibration of detection equipment is the basis to ensure the subsequent detection accuracy. The current calibration methods have the disadvantages of complex calculation, low precision, and poor operability. In order to solve the above problems, the calibration method of binocular camera, the correction method of lens distortion, and the calibration method of projector in the binocular vision system based on surface structured light are studied in this paper. For lens distortion correction, on the basis of analyzing the traditional correction methods, a distortion correction method based on radial basis function neural network is proposed. Using the excellent nonlinear mapping ability of RBF neural network, the distortion correction models of different lenses can be obtained quickly. It overcomes the defect that the traditional correction model cannot adjust adaptively with the type of lens. The experimental results show that the accuracy of the method can meet the requirements of system calibration.