Rewrite rule inference using equality saturation

Many compilers, synthesizers, and theorem provers rely on rewrite rules to simplify expressions or prove equivalences. Developing rewrite rules can be difficult: rules may be subtly incorrect, profitable rules are easy to miss, and rulesets must be rechecked or extended whenever semantics are tweaked. Large rulesets can also be challenging to apply: redundant rules slow down rule-based search and frustrate debugging. This paper explores how equality saturation, a promising technique that uses e-graphs to apply rewrite rules, can also be used to infer rewrite rules. E-graphs can compactly represent the exponentially large sets of enumerated terms and potential rewrite rules. We show that equality saturation efficiently shrinks both sets, leading to faster synthesis of smaller, more general rulesets. We prototyped these strategies in a tool dubbed Ruler. Compared to a similar tool built on CVC4, Ruler synthesizes 5.8× smaller rulesets 25× faster without compromising on proving power. In an end-to-end case study, we show Ruler-synthesized rules which perform as well as those crafted by domain experts, and addressed a longstanding issue in a popular open source tool.

Learning formulaic creativity: Chunking in verbal art and speech

The chunking problem is central to linguistics, semiotics, and poetics: How do we learn to organize a language into patterns and to use those patterns creatively? Linguistics has mainly offered two answers, one based on rule inference through innate capacities for processing and the other based on usage and on outstanding capacities for memory and retrieval. Both views are based on induction and compositionality. The Parry–Lord theory of oral composition-in-performance has argued that oral singers produce complex poems out of rehearsed improvisation through the mastery of a system of formulas, chunks that integrate phrasal, metrical, and semantic structures. The framework of formulaic creativity proposed here argues that the cognitive study of oral poetics can provide crucial insights into the chunking problem. I show the major connections between Parry–Lord and usage-based cognitive linguistics, mainly Construction Grammar and Frame Semantics. However, these approaches still remain compositional and thus struggle to model creativity and learning in oral poetry and everyday speech. The alternative is to explore a model of formulaic creativity not based on compositional patterns, but on wide learning for connecting discriminative perceptual features directly to semantic contrasts within a complex dynamic system, without the intermediation of a set of discrete units.

Social Network Analysis

Sentiment analysis has become an important field in scientific research in recent years. The goal is to extract opinions and sentiments from written text using artificial intelligence algorithms. In this article, we propose a new approach for classifying Twitter data into classes (positive, negative, and neutral). The proposed method is based on two approaches, a dictionary-based approach using the sentimental dictionary SentiWordNet, and an approach based on the fuzzy logic system (fuzzification, rule inference, and defuzzification). Experimental results show that our approach outperforms some other approaches in the literature and that by using the fuzzy logic we improve the quality of the classification.

Perancangan Robot Pemadam Api Wall Follower Beroda dengan Metode Fuzzy Logic (Studi Kasus : Simulasi Kebakaran pada Komplek Perumahan Citraland Kota Palu)

<p class="SammaryHeader" align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p><em>One of the problems that robots can do in helping humans is putting out fires. This job requires a fast reaction, because fire can be avoided if the fire has not spread. Fire problems can be reduced if the source of the fire can be found first and extinguished in a short time. This research aims to design a prototype of a wheeled fire extinguisher robot by designing electronic components, mechanical parts and motion actuators on the robot and applying Sugeno fuzzy logic as the basis for the control system algorithm where the process starts from fuzzification, rule inference then defuzzification, and using the Wall Follower method as a method for navigation, because to support the optimum performance of the robot, a navigation system and a reliable design are needed. This robot uses the Arduino mega2560 as a microcontroller board, the ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 as a distance gauge, the fire sensor as a hotspot detector and the line sensor as a differentiator between home and target zone, while the software used in the robot programming is Arduino IDE. Robot testing is made using the blackbox method and aims whether the robot can extinguish the fire or not. The achievements of the results of this study are, implementing the fuzzy logic and wall follower method on fire-fighting robots so that the robot can search on arenas, extinguish fires on candles, stop and maintain an autonomous distance from walls.</em><em> </em><em></em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong><strong><em>: </em></strong><em>Robot, arduino, fire extinguisher, Sugeno fuzzy logic, wall follower</em></p><p class="SammaryHeader" align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p><em>Salah satu masalah yang dapat dikerjakan robot dalam membantu manusia adalah memadamkan api. Pekerjaan ini membutuhkan reaksi yang cepat, karena kebakaran dapat dihindari apabila api belum menyebar. Masalah kebakaran dapat dikurangi apabila sumber api dapat ditemukan terlebih dahulu dan dipadamkan dalam waktu yang singkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang sebuah prototype robot pemadam api beroda mulai dengan merancang komponen – komponen elektronika, bagian mekanik serta aktuator gerak pada robot dan merapkan metode fuzzy logic Sugeno sebagai basis algoritma sistem kontrolnya yang dimana prosesnya dimulai dari fuzzifikasi, rule inferensi kemudian defuzzifikasi, serta menggunakan metode Wall Follower sebagai metode untuk navigasinya, dikarenakan untuk menunjang kinerja optimum robot dibutuhkan sistem navigasi serta rancangan yang handal. Robot ini menggunakan Arduino mega2560 sebagai board mikrokontroller, sensor ultrasonik HC-SR04 sebagai pengukur jarak, sensor api sebagai pendeteksi titik api dan sensor garis sebagai pembeda antara home dan target zone, sedangkan software yang digunakan dalam memogram robot adalah Arduino IDE. Pengujian robot yang dibuat dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode blackbox dan bertujuan apakah robot dapat memadamkan api atau tidak. Capaian dari hasil penelitian ini adalah, mengimplementasikan metode fuzzy logic dan wall follower pada robot pemadam api sehingga robot dapat melakukan penelusuran pada arena, memadamkan titik api pada lilin, berhenti dan menjaga jarak dari dinding secara autonomous.</em></p><strong><em>Kata kunci : </em></strong><em>Robot, arduino, pemadam api, fuzzy logic Sugeno, wall follower</em>

Perseverative responding in Nigerian chronic alcohol and marijuana users

Chronic consumption of alcohol and marijuana, especially when initiated at an early age, has been implicated in cognitive alterations in the domain of executive functioning. Despite the robustness of this finding in Western populations, its generalizability to other cultural contexts is largely unknown. In this study, we examined whether the regular use of alcohol or marijuana use relates to impaired executive functioning in male students of a Nigerian university. Chronic alcohol users (n = 39), chronic marijuana users (n = 35) and drug-abstinent control participants (n = 40) recruited through snow-ball sampling technique completed a computerized version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (cWCST). As an established measure of executive functioning, the cWCST allows for the simultaneous assessment of three distinct executive processes: set shifting, rule inference, and set maintenance. Results revealed a selective set-shifting deficit in both alcohol and marijuana users. Both groups committed significantly more perseverative errors than the control group, and group differences were significantly stronger on this indicator of set shifting than on indicators of rule inference or set maintenance. Our findings support the generalizability of drug-related deficits in executive functioning and contribute to the characterization of executive dysfunction in non-Western populations. Future longitudinal studies are required to clarify whether executive dysfunction is an antecedent or consequence of alcohol and marijuana use in young Nigerians