ABSTRACTEmphysema is an important element of many progressive lung diseases, with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) being the most common. With the exception of α 1-antitrypsin (AAT) replacement therapy there are no disease modifying therapies for progressive emphysema. We previously reported that alveolar type 2 (AT2)-cell synthesized CELA1 is neutralized by AAT and that CELA1 is necessary for emphysema in AAT-deficiency. Here, we use mouse models and human tissues to show that CELA1 is required for progressive emphysema. In mice, lung injury was induced with tracheal porcine pancreatic elastase. Cela1 began increasing at 21-days, and Cela1−/−mice were protected from continued airspace enlargement at 42 and 84 days (p<0.01). Aged Cela1−/−mice had less airspace simplification than aged WT mice (p<0.05). In humans and mice, CELA1 mRNA and protein were present in subsets of conducing airway epithelial and AT2 cells. COPD lungs had 3-fold more CELA1 protein than control (p<0.05). Among COPD-associated proteases, only CELA1 was positively and significantly correlated with lung elastolytic activity (p<0.001). Rabbit polyclonal and mouse monoclonal anti-CELA1 antibodies inhibited elastolytic activity of CELA1 mRNA-high but not CELA1 mRNA-low human lungs. CELA1 mRNA levels increased exponentially with age, and smoking reduced that ratio of AAT-neutralized:native CELA1 (p<0.05). CELA1 binding to lung tissue increased 6-fold with biaxial strain (p<0.05). We propose that CELA1 predisposes to progressive emphysema via (1) increased expression with age, (2) reduced AAT neutralization with smoking, and (3) increased CELA1-binding to lung matrix with strain. Anti-CELA1 therapies may represent a novel disease modifying therapy to prevent emphysema progression.ONE SENTENCE SUMMARYWe find that Chymotrypsin-like Elastase 1 (CELA1) is responsible for progressive airspace destruction in multiple mouse emphysema models, show that human lung CELA1 expression and binding to lung matrix are associated with known emphysema risk factors, and demonstrate that anti-CELA1 antibodies largely inhibit lung elastolytic activity in CELA1 mRNA-high lung specimens.