Recent advances in organic luminescent materials with narrowband emission

The International Telecommunication Union announced a new color gamut standard of broadcast service television (BT 2020) for ultra-high-definition TV in 2012. To satisfy the wide-color gamut standard of BT 2020, monochromatic red (R), green (G), and blue (B) emissions require a small full width at half-maximum, which is an important property for improving color purity. Although organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays are currently one of the main types of display technologies, their broad emission via strong vibronic coupling between ground and excited states is a major hurdle to overcome in the development of next-generation wide-color gamut displays. Thus, the development of OLED emitters with narrowband R–G–B emissions is of great significance. In this review, the recent progress in the development of OLED materials with narrowband emission is summarized by grouping them into fluorescent, phosphorescent, and thermally activated delayed fluorescent emitters to reveal the correlation between molecular structures, optical properties, and device characteristics. We discuss rational molecular design strategies to achieve narrow photoluminescence and electroluminescence and the underlying mechanisms for controlling the emission bandwidth. Finally, the challenges in the realization of wide-color gamut OLED displays and the future prospects of such devices are discussed.

Impulse dispersion of aerosols during singing and speaking

Group singing events have been linked to several outbreaks of infection during the CoVID-19 pandemic, leading to singing activities being banned in many areas across the globe. This link between singing and infection rates supports the possibility that aerosols are partly responsible for person-to-person infection. In contrast to droplets, the smaller aerosol particles do not fall to the ground within a short distance after being expelled by e.g. a singer. Aerosol particles hover and spread via convection in the environmental air. According to the super-spreading theory, choir singing and loud talking (theater and presentations) during rehearsals or performances may constitute a high risk of infectious virus transmission to large numbers of people. Thus, it is essential to define the safety distances between singers in super-spreading situations. The aim of this study is to investigate the impulse dispersion of aerosols during singing and speaking in comparison to breathing and coughing. Ten professional singers (5 males and 5 females) of the Bavarian Radio Chorus performed 9 tasks including singing a phrase of Beethovens 9th symphony, to the original German text. The inhaled air volume was marked with small aerosol particles produced via a commercial e-cigarette. The expelled aerosol cloud was recorded with three high definition TV cameras from different perspectives. Afterwards, the dimensions and dynamics of the aerosol cloud was measured by segmenting the video footage at every time point. While the median expansion was below 1m, the aerosol cloud was expelled up to 1.4m in the singing direction for individual subjects. Consonants produced larger distances of aerosol expulsion than vowels. The dispersion in the lateral and vertical dimension was less pronounced than the forward direction. After completion of each task, the cloud continued to distribute in the air increasing its dimensions. Consequently, we propose increasing the current recommendations of many governmental councils for choirs or singing at religious services from 1.5m to the front and 1m to the side to a distance between choir singers of 2m to the front and 1.5m to the sides.

Major Big Data Challenges in Most Industries and Innovative Solutions

The term “Big data” refers to “the high volume of data sets that are relatively complex in nature and having challenges in processing and analyzing the data using conventional database management tools”. In the digital universe, the data volume and variety that, we deal today have grown-up massively from different sources such as Business Informatics, Social-Media Networks, Images from High Definition TV, data from Mobile Networks, Banking data from ATM Machines, Genomics and GPS Trails, Telemetry from automobiles, Meteorology, Financial market data etc. Data Scientists confirm that 80% of the data that we have gathered today are in unstructured format, i.e. in the form of images, pixel data, Videos, geo-spatial data, PDF files etc. Because of the massive growth of data and its different formats, organizations are having multiple challenges in capturing, storing, mining, analyzing, and visualizing the Big data. This paper aims to exemplify the key challenges faced by most organizations and the significance of implementing the emerging Big data techniques for effective extraction of business intelligence to make better and faster decisions