A New Interpretation of Contributions Presented at the Solvay Conference 1911. Can We Falsify the “Geocentric” Foundations of Quantum Mechanics in the Solar System?

We have studied the contributions and presentations published in the Proceedings of the Solvay Conference 1911. Based on the lecture of Ernest Solvay on the “gravito-matérialitique” we can distinguish two features of the Earth´s gravitational field – 1. “gravité réelle” described by the Newton´s gravitational law and 2. “gravité potentielle” acting as an agent of the self-organization on quantum particles and creating structures described by the Planck constant hEARTH. From the discussions followed after the presentations of Walther Nernst and Albert Einstein we interpreted the Nernst- Lindemann Formula for the specific heat of solids using the comment of Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (the discoverer of the superconductivity) as two transverse and one longitudinal oscillations of phonon in the surroundings at temperature T. In order to falsify this “geocentric” model of foundations of quantum mechanics in the spirit of Karl Popper we propose to initiate the CURE Project (China – USA – Russia – European Union) (cure = to solve a problem) in order to build quantum laboratories on different orbits around the Earth, on the surface of the Moon and Mars, and in the Lagrange points of the system the Earth – Moon and the Earth – Sun to get new experimental data for the specific heat of solids, the critical temperatures of superconductors, chemical and physical self-organized reactions (Liesegang rings, Belousov- Zhabotinsky waves, chemical clocks, Bose-Einstein condensates, de Broglie waves, etc.). There is space enough for all participants on this CURE Project to collect new valuable data describing this “hidden variable” presented by Ernest Solvay in his forgotten lecture in 1911.

Supercondutividade: aplicação em veículos de levitação magnética

Este trabalho visa descrever os fenômenos físicos associados à supercondutividade em materiais condutores utilizados em veículos de levitação magnética, especificando os efeitos da resistência e de magnetismo. Os dados que corroboram a pesquisa foram coletados a partir de pesquisas em trabalhos já publicados e partem desde a descoberta do estado de supercondutividade da matéria, observada pela primeira vez em 1911 pelo físico holandês Heike Kamerlingh Onnes. Alem disso, haverá uma breve abordagem sobre os custos envolvidos, bem como a aplicação dos efeitos da supercondutividade no meio de transporte supracitado.

The Path to Type-II Superconductivity

Following the discovery of superconductivity by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911, research concentrated on the electric conductivity of the materials investigated. Then, it was Max von Laue who in the early 1930s turned his attention to the magnetic properties of superconductors, such as their demagnetizing effects in a weak magnetic field. As a consultant at the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt in Berlin, von Laue was in close contact with Walther Meissner at the Reichsanstalt. In 1933, Meisner together with Robert Ochsenfeld discovered the perfect diamagnetism of superconductors (Meissner–Ochsenfeld effect). This was a turning point, indicating that superconductivity represents a thermodynamic equilibrium state and leading to the London theory and the Ginzburg–Landau theory. In the early 1950s in Moscow, Nikolay Zavaritzkii carried out experiments on superconducting thin films. In the theoretical analysis of his experiments, he collaborated with Alexei A. Abrikosov and for the first time they considered the possibility that the coherence length ξ can be smaller than the magnetic penetration depth λ m . They called these materials the “second group”. Subsequently, Abrikosov discovered the famous Abrikosov vortex lattice and the superconducting mixed state. The important new field of type-II superconductivity was born.

Superconductivity to cosmology: K. Alexander Müller explores mysteries in energy

In 1913, physicist Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes received the Nobel Prize for liquifying He and his discovery of superconductivity two years prior. It would be over 76 years later until K. Alexander Müller, together with Johannes Georg Bednorz, would be honored as Nobel laureates for their discovery of high-temperature superconductivity (HTS), grounded in their research with metal oxides. When we asked Müller, recently, what he would advise young materials scientists in regards to research for energy, he said, “I’ve always been a fan of oxides, therefore to work in oxide would not be bad.”

The Coldest Place on Earth

Suddenly, at 7.30 P.M. on July 10, 1908, the coldest place on earth—the coldest place in the entire history of the earth—was inside a small glass tube in a messy laboratory in Groningen, the Netherlands, where the temperature was a cool 269 degrees below freezing. That’s centigrade; it would be minus 452° Fahrenheit. Inside the tube were 60 cc of liquid helium, produced for the first time in history by a Dutch physicist today virtually and unfairly unknown to the general public, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes—unfairly unknown, for unlike the results discussed in the last two chapters on MORB geochemistry, this feat of engineering physics has had profound practical consequences. The utilization of fire was the first giant leap for mankind, but its opposite, the search for cold, has been an ongoing human activity through recorded history. (Actually, there is no such thing as cold; there are only lesser amounts of heat. Absolute zero, minus 273° centigrade, is unattainable, as “explained” by a complex quantum theory argument, and there are no minus numbers on the Absolute, or Kelvin, scale.) But in practical terms, no one cared, the important thing was to get ice for food preservation through the hot summers, and until nearly a hundred years ago the only way to do that was to bring it down from the high northern latitudes or, in the in-between latitudes, to store the winter’s ice underground. By the last quarter of the nineteenth century, some progress began to be made in utilizing that marvelous insight into nature, the Second Law of Thermodynamics, to bring some sort of mechanical cooling into people’s lives. The law can be stated in various ways, but for this purpose the simplest is that heat flows from hot to cold. What could be simpler? And yet it has profound consequences. When you want a cold drink, you put in ice cubes and the heat flows from the warm scotch to the cold ice cubes, cooling down the scotch. But as the ice melts, it dilutes the scotch, which is a problem.