Continuity, Discontinuity, and Scenes

Continuity is the smooth flow of movies, whereas discontinuity is an interruption. Continuity generally rules within scenes, and discontinuity is fostered between them. Movie scenes are psychological events, and they have beginnings, middles, and ends. These manifest themselves in shot durations that go from longer to shorter to longer again, creating an arc. Shot scales show a similar arc—long shots, moving to medium shots and medium close-ups, and then often backing away. Scenes typically take place in a single location, with a fixed set of characters, over a small but continuous time period. Narrational shifts to a new scene occur when any one of these three dimensions is changed. This chapter discusses examples covering all seven possible shifts. It also discusses, with examples, Walter Murch’s Rule of Six, an ordered ranking of editing principles. This leads to a discussion of the less-than-overwhelming importance the 180-degree rule.

The impact of local and national restrictions in response to COVID-19 on social contacts in England: a longitudinal natural experiment

Background England’s COVID-19 response transitioned from a national lockdown to localised interventions. In response to rising cases, these were supplemented by national restrictions on contacts (the Rule of Six), then 10 pm closing for bars and restaurants, and encouragement to work from home. These were quickly followed by a 3-tier system applying different restrictions in different localities. As cases continued to rise, a second national lockdown was declared. We used a national survey to quantify the impact of these restrictions on epidemiologically relevant contacts. Methods We compared paired measures on setting-specific contacts before and after each restriction started and tested for differences using paired permutation tests on the mean change in contacts and the proportion of individuals decreasing their contacts. Results Following the imposition of each measure, individuals tended to report fewer contacts than they had before. However, the magnitude of the changes was relatively small and variable. For instance, although early closure of bars and restaurants appeared to have no measurable effect on contacts, the work from home directive reduced mean daily work contacts by 0.99 (95% confidence interval CI] 0.03–1.94), and the Rule of Six reduced non-work and school contacts by a mean of 0.25 (0.01–0.5) per day. Whilst Tier 3 appeared to also reduce non-work and school contacts, the evidence for an effect of the lesser restrictions (Tiers 1 and 2) was much weaker. There may also have been some evidence of saturation of effects, with those who were in Tier 1 (least restrictive) reducing their contacts markedly when they entered lockdown, which was not reflected in similar changes in those who were already under tighter restrictions (Tiers 2 and 3). Conclusions The imposition of various local and national measures in England during the summer and autumn of 2020 has gradually reduced contacts. However, these changes are smaller than the initial lockdown in March. This may partly be because many individuals were already starting from a lower number of contacts.

University students and staff able to maintain low daily contact numbers during various COVID-19 guideline periods

IntroductionUK universities re-opened in September 2020, despite the on-going coronavirus epidemic. During the first term, various national social distancing measures were introduced, including banning groups of >6 people and the second lockdown in November. COVID-19 can spread rapidly in university-settings, and students’ adherence to social distancing measures is critical for controlling transmission.MethodsWe measured university staff and student contact patterns via an online, longitudinal survey capturing self-reported contacts on the previous day. We investigated the change in contacts associated with COVID-19 guidance periods: post-first lockdown (23/06/2020-03/07/2020), relaxed guidance period (04/07/2020-13/09/2020), “rule-of-six” period (14/09/2020-04/11/2020), and the second lockdown (05/11/2020-25/11/2020).Results722 staff (4199 responses) (mean household size: 2.6) and 738 students (1906 responses) (mean household size: 4.5) were included in the study. Contact number decreased with age. Staff in single-person households reported fewer contacts than individuals in 2-and 3-person households, and individuals in 4-and 5-person households reported more contacts.For staff, daily contacts were higher in the relaxed guidance and “rule-of-six” periods (means: 3.2 and 3.5, respectively; medians: 3) than the post-first lockdown and second lockdown periods (means: 4.5 and 5.4, respectively; medians: 2). Few students responded until 05/10/2020, after which the median student contacts was 2 and the mean was 5.7, until the second lockdown when it dropped to 3.1.DiscussionUniversity staff and students responded to national guidance by altering their social contacts. The response in staff and students was similar, suggesting that students are able to adhere to social distancing guidance while at university.

University students and staff able to maintain low daily contact numbers during various COVID-19 guideline periods

UK universities re-opened in September 2020, amidst the coronavirus epidemic. During the first term, various national social distancing measures were introduced, including banning groups of >6 people and the second lockdown in November; however, outbreaks among university students occurred. We aimed to measure the University of Bristol staff and student contact patterns via an online, longitudinal survey capturing self-reported contacts on the previous day. We investigated the change in contacts associated with COVID-19 guidance periods: post-first lockdown (23/06/2020–03/07/2020), relaxed guidance period (04/07/2020–13/09/2020), ‘rule-of-six’ period (14/09/2020–04/11/2020) and the second lockdown (05/11/2020–25/11/2020). In total, 722 staff (4199 responses) and 738 students (1906 responses) were included in the study. For staff, daily contacts were higher in the relaxed guidance and ‘rule-of-six’ periods than the post-first lockdown and second lockdown. Mean student contacts dropped between the ‘rule-of-six’ and second lockdown periods. For both staff and students, the proportion meeting with groups larger than six dropped between the ‘rule-of-six’ period and the second lockdown period, although was higher for students than for staff. Our results suggest university staff and students responded to national guidance by altering their social contacts. Most contacts during the second lockdown were household contacts. The response in staff and students was similar, suggesting that students can adhere to social distancing guidance while at university. The number of contacts recorded for both staff and students were much lower than those recorded by previous surveys in the UK conducted before the COVID-19 pandemic.

Agreement between physical and ultrasound examination for arteriovenous fistula maturation diagnostics in Thai hemodialysis patients

Introduction: Physical examination (PE) is used to determine if arteriovenous fistula (AVF) meets criteria for first hemodialysis (HD) cannulation in chronic kidney disease (CKD) with HD patients. Three ultrasound (US) based criteria are adopted to investigate maturation: (i) Rule of Six: blood flow ⩾600 milliliters per minute (mL/min), vein diameter ⩾6 millimeters (mm), vein depth ⩽6 mm); (ii) Rule of Five: blood flow ⩾500 mL/min, vein diameter ⩾5 mm, vein depth ⩽6 mm; and (iii) Rule of Four: blood flow ⩾500 mL/min, vein diameter ⩾4 mm, vein depth ⩽6 mm. In Thai, no study determined optimal US criteria for predicting AVF maturation measured by PE before first cannulation. This study examined the significance of these US criteria on the physical AVF maturation in Thai. Methods: Fifty CKD patients, operated brachiocephalic AVF, were enrolled and examined on the operative day and 6 weeks afterwards. PE was evaluated by an experienced vascular surgeon, and US measurements were obtained by an experienced US technologist. Matching mature number between US criteria and PE was computed using McNemar test. Agreement between US criteria and PE was measured using Kappa. Mature and immature discrimination were evaluated by the Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) curve and Youden index. Results: Rule of Six and Rule of Five had higher non-mature matching number than Rule of Four ( p < 0.001 both). Regarding Kappa statistics, Rule of Six and Rule of Five agreed with the PE ( p < 0.01 both). The ROC curve of Rule of Six and Rule of Five were 0.75 and 0.74, respectively ( p <0.01 both). Youden index (maturity and immaturity discriminating performance) of both rules was 0.5 and 0.47, respectively. Conclusion: Rule of Six and Rule of Five agreed with the PE, with the highest performance of the Rule of Six to predict first successful cannulation in Thai.

Peranan Sistem Penilaian CAVeA2T2 dalam Memprediksi Maturasi Fistula Radiosefalika

Latar Belakang. Berdasarkan panduan National Kidney Foundation-Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (NKF/KDOQI), fistula radiosefalika merupakan pilihan utama akses vaskular pada pasien yang menjalani hemodialisis. Fistula dikatakan matur apabila sesuai dengan rule of six (laju aliran >600mL/menit, diameter ≥6mm dan berjarak sekitar ≤6mm dari permukaan kulit). Sistem penilaian CAVeA2T2 (akses vena sentral ipsilateral, usia >73 tahun, vena <2,2mm, riwayat angioplasty pada tungkai bawah, dan tidak ditemukannya thrill intraoperatif) memiliki potensi dalam menilai maturasi fistula radiosefalika. Metode. Desain analitis menggunakan metode kohort prospektif dengan consecutive sampling untuk menilai perananan sistem penilaian CAVeA2T2 dalam memprediksi maturasi fistula radiosefalika. Populasi terjangkau adalah pasien gagal ginjal terminal (GGT) yang datang ke poliklinik Bedah Vaskular RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung dan RSKG Ny.R.A.Habibie yang akan menjalani operasi fistula radiosefalika. Uji statistik menggunakan uji univariat untuk dekskripsi data. Sampel dikelompokkan berdasarkan skor CAVeA2T2 (skor <2 dan ≥2) dan status maturasi fistula (matur/non matur) kemudian dianalisis melalui perbandingan antar kelompok melalui model bivariat. Selanjutnya analisis untuk menguji hipotesis melalui analisis Chi-Square Fisher dengan batas kemaknaan 0,05. Hasil. Didapatkan 24 pasien (perbandingan laki-laki dan perempuan adalah 1:1) yang dilakukan analisis dengan rentang usia 21-76 tahun, rerata tekanan sistolik 149,2 (±28,4) mmHg. Didapatkan sitem penilaian CAVeA2T2 memiliki peranan dalam memprediksi maturasi fistula radiosefalika dengan probabilitas kesalahan statistik sebesar p<0,01 dan koefisien kontingensi sebesar C=0,674. Derajat peranan sistem penilaian CAVeA2T2 terhadap maturasi fistula radiosefalika tergolong sangat kuat berdasarkan klasifikasi Guilford. Kesimpulan. Sistem penilaian CAVeA2T2 memiliki peranan dalam memprediksi maturasi fistula radiosefalika. (ISSN 2723-7494 J Bedah Indonesia. 2020;48:15-37)