Impacto de cubierta, ecotipo y endomicorriza en morfología y calidad de chile piquín

La investigación se realizó con ecotipos de chile piquín de Coahuila, Nuevo León y Zacatecas. Se evaluaron plantas de chile piquín del segundo año de producción. Se utilizaron dos ambientes: a) macro túneles de malla blanca, roja azul, negra tipo raschel con 30% de sombreo; y b) campo abierto con 100% de transmisión de luz. Se inocularon 50 esporas de un conglomerado de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (Glomus mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices, Sclerocystis coremioides y Gigaspora albida), directamente al sistema radical. Se utilizó un arreglo factorial 5 x 6 x 2 (cubiertas, ecotipos y micorrizas) y su distribución fue un diseño bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Se evaluó el rendimiento y algunos caracteres morfológicos como altura de planta (AP), diámetro de tallo (DT), longitud de raíz (LR), peso fresco de planta (PFP), peso fresco de planta (PSP), peso fresco de raíz (PFR), peso seco de raíz (PSR), rendimiento por planta (RPP). Los resultados indicaron que la malla blanca favoreció los caracteres morfológicos de la planta con 320% en AP, 322.7% en DT, 235.8% la LR, 8 veces el PFP, 8.5 veces el PSP, 327.2% el PFR, 5 veces el PSR, 6.8 veces el RPP, en comparación a las plantas desarrolladas en campo abierto. Además, la calidad de chile piquín proporciona condiciones para el desarrollo de endomicorrizas (esporas y porcentaje de colonización). La malla azul con la menor radiación fotosintéticamente activa (RFA) influyó positivamente en las variables agronómicas, de calidad y la inoculación (número de esporas y porcentaje de colonización). El ecotipo que influyó en los SST, VitC, fenoles y NE fue el de SNL y el RTZ en variables agronómicas y % colonización. La inoculación con el consorcio de micorrizas mejoró los caracteres agronómicos y calidad del fruto de chile piquín.

Acaulospora longula Increases the Content of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in Fruits of Libidibia ferrea

Background: Several countries have made an association that how conventional and traditional medicines support the rational use of medicinal plants in different treatments. Brazil has stimulated the cultivation of and the development of the studies of Libidibia ferrea, a plant with medicinal properties, which are provided by the presence of bioactive compounds in its several parts, such as fruits. The synthesis of these biomolecules may increase with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) inoculation. However, there have been no previous reports about the optimization in the production of biomolecules in the fruits of mycorrhizal L. ferrea. Objective: The aim of this study was to define the potential advantages of inoculation with AMF by increasing the production of biomolecules and antioxidant activity in fruits of mycorrhizal L. ferrea. Methods: The phytochemical and mycorrhizal analyses occurred after 32 months of transplanting to the field and the plants were inoculated or not with Acaulospora longula, Claroideoglomus etunicatum and Gigaspora albida and then by transplanting the seedlings to the field. Results: Compared to those from the control treatment, the concentration of phenols and tannins in the fruits of L. ferrea inoculated with A. longula increased 26.4% and 39.8% (p <0.05), respectively. The fruits also had higher antioxidant activity. In contrast, the concentration of phosphorus in the fruits of L. ferrea inoculated with A. longula and C. etunicatum was not incresead. Because the concentration of phosphorus in fruits was verified in this study. Conclusion: Mycorrhization increased the concentration of biocompounds and antioxidant activity in the fruits of L. ferrea, which is of great interest to the herbal medicine industry.

NATIVE MICROBIOTA AND ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI ON GROWTH OF Paspalum millegrana SCHRAD

ABSTRACT Paspalum millegrana grass is a member of the family Poaceae native to the Americas, whose interaction with native symbiotic fungi has not yet been reported. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interactions between the native microorganisms and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the development of P. millegrana Schrad. The experimental design was completely randomized with seven treatments (control, without AMF; native microbial inoculant; native + UFLA05 Gigaspora albida; native + UFLA351 Rhizoglomus clarum; native + UFLA372 Claroideoglomus etunicatum; native + UFLA401 Acaulospora morrowiae, and a mix of all treatments). The substrate was autoclaved sand and coconut powder at 2:1, with eight repetitions. The variables analyzed were: mycorrhizal colonization, dark septate endophytic fungi colonization, number of mycorrhizal spores, dry shoot mass, dry root mass, root length and volume, number of tiller and mycorrhizal dependence. Mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi and dark septate endophytic fungi colonized P. millegrana. The sporulation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with P. millegrana was influenced by mycorrhizal colonization, depending on the fungus-plant interaction. P. millegrana was responsive to native + UFLA05 and native + UFLA351. No correlation between tiller emergence and mycorrhizal colonization of P. millegrana was observed.

Seed exudates of Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. stimulate the asymbiotic phase of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora albida Becker & Hall

ABSTRACT Sesbania virgata is a legume used in the restoration of degraded areas and forms a symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Its seeds exude secondary metabolites that may influence the colonization by AMF. In this work, we studied the effects of seed (SE) and root exudates (RE) of S. virgata on the asymbiotic phase of Gigaspora albida. Spores of G. albida were germinated in medium supplemented with different concentrations of SE or RE. After seven days, spore germination was stimulated (46.6%) in the medium supplemented with the highest concentration of SE, while the mycelial growth was stimulated with the lowest SE concentration. In turn, RE had no effect on the fungal asymbiotic phase. We concluded that SE exert a positive effect on the asymbiotic phase of G. albida and that the different effects between SE and RE of S. virgata can be explained by their distinct content of secondary metabolites.

Bark of the Stem of Libidibia Ferrea Associated with Mycorrhizal Fungi: An Alternative to Produce High Levels of Phenolic Acids

Background: The use of microorganisms such as Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) may represent a sustainable biotechnological alternative for the cultivation of medicinal plants to facilitate plant growth, in addition to increasing the production of secondary compounds. These fungi are associated with Libidibia ferrea, a species which produces gallic and ellagic acid, compounds with preventive properties against cancer and diabetes complications. Objective: The objective of this paper was to verify whether the stem bark of L. ferrea concentrates higher amounts of gallic and ellagic acids when inoculated with Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Gigaspora albida and Acaulospora longula. Methods: The extractive methanolic solutions from the barks of L. ferrea were analyzed by RP-HPLC in order to establish the contents of gallic and ellagic acids. Results: The application of fungus Claroideoglumus etunicatum was more efficient at increasing the concentration of gallic acid (18%) and ellagic acid (45.2%) in the stem bark of L. ferrea in comparison to the control. In contrast, plants inoculated with Acaulospora longula benefited only with the increase in the amount of gallic acid if compared with the non-inoculated plants. Conclusion: The mycorrhizal technology may be an alternative to the cultivation of L. ferrea with higher concentrations of both gallic and ellagic acids in the stem bark, providing a promissory strategy to produce high quality herbal materials for the production of herbal medicines.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and indolebutyric acid alter rooting rate and physiological characteristics of Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae)?

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the rooting and some physiological characteristics of Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) stakes in different concentrations of indolebutyric acid (IBA) and its association with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Claroideoglomus etunicatum (W.N. Becker & Gerd.) C. Walker & A. Schüssler e Gigaspora albida N.C. Schenck & G.S. Sm. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 3x3 factorial scheme with three replicates, where the first factor was the AMF and the second factor by doses of IBA (0; 1.0 and 1.5 mg .mL-1). The results showed that the presence of AMF in the substrate, as well as the IBA, isolated or in association stimulates the rooting and some physiological characters of L. camara cuttings.

Nghiên cứu phân lập nấm rễ nội cộng sinh Arbuscular Mycorrhiza trong đất trồng ngô và sản xuất chế phẩm phân bón vi sinh hữu cơ

Từ 30 mẫu đất trồng ngô (15 mẫu đất trồng ngô ở Hà Nội và 15 mẫu đất trồng ngô ở Hà Nam), chúng tôi đã phân lập được 3179 bào tử AMF. Bằng phương pháp phân loại dựa vào hình thái, chúng tôi đã xếp chúng vào 8 chi và 27 loài: Acaulospora gerdemanii, A. mellea, A. morrowiae, A. rehmii, Acaulospora longula, Acaulospora sp.1, Acaulospora sp.2, Acaulospora sp.3, Cetraspora pellucida, Dentiscutata sp., Dentiscutata reticulata, Gigaspora albida, G. decipiens, G. gigantea, G. margarita, Glomus ambisporum, G. multicaule, G.luteum, G.intraradices, Glomus sp., Rhizophagus gregaria, R. Clarus, Rhizophagus sp., S. constrictum, New AMF 1, New AMF 2, New AMF 3; trong đó có 03 chi 9 loài được nghi là mới, Dentiscutata, Racocetra, Rhizophagus và Septoglomus là những chi lần đầu tiên được công bố ở Việt Nam. Chi Acaulospora, Gigaspora và Glomus là các chi có tần suất xuất hiện cao nhất ở mẫu đất cát ở cả Hà Nội và Hà Nam từ 13,4 – 40,2 %. longula, G. decipien, G.gingatea và Glomus multicaule được tiến hành lựa chọn để nghiên cứu khả năng cộng sinh của chúng lên cây chủ trên các môi trường gồm cát, xơ dừa và đất dinh dưỡng được được trộn với tỉ lệ khác nhau. Kết quả cho thấy môi trường có tỉ lệ cát/ xơ dừa/ đất dinh dưỡng với tỉ lệ 2:1:1 là môi trường thích hợp nhất cho sự cộng sinh của AMF vào cây chủ. Kiểm tra số lượng bào tử sau 5 tuần nuôi cấy cho thấy: Acaulospora là loài có khả năng xâm nhiễm cao nhất, tiếp đó là Gingaspora và Glomus. số lượng bào tử của Gingaspora và Acaulospora đạt từ 330-652 bào tử/ 100g cơ chất môi trường MT5. Sử dụng chế phẩm AMF để bổ sung vào ngô ngoài đồng ruộng cho thấy chế phẩm có khả năng xâm nhiễm vào cây chủ với chỉ số IP là 1217,8., tăng 40% trọng lượng, 58,9% chiều cao thân ngô và 24,9% trọng lượng bắp.

Nutrición mineral y rendimiento de sorgo inoculado con cepas microbianas en dos agroambientes

Los inoculantes microbianos poseen gran importancia ecológica y económica en la agricultura. Se evaluó la efectividad agrobiológica de la inoculación de cepas microbianas en sorgo (D-47) cultivado en condiciones de riego y temporal. Fueron seis cepas experimentales de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares [3 (Funneliformis mosseae), 20 (Gigaspora albida), 32 (F. mosseae), 35 (F. mosseae), 39 (F. mosseae) y 55 (Gigaspora albida)], un consorcio de bacterias promotoras de crecimiento [Pseudomonas spp. (Bacteriano 2709)] (Ba), micorriza arbuscular INIFAP (Rhizophagus intraradices) (M) y testigo fertilizado (TF), con dosis de 60-40-00 y 120-40-00, para temporal y riego, respectivamente. Se midió clorof ila (SPAD), nitrógeno (N), fósforo (P), hierro (Fe) y zinc (Zn) foliar, biomasas foliar y radical, colonización micorrízica y rendimiento de grano. Las cepas microbianas influyeron de forma diferente en las características de sorgo sembrado en los agroambientes. En general se observó mejor respuesta del sorgo en la condición de riego. El contenido de Zn, la colonización micorrízica y biomasa radical, no fueron influenciados por la condición de humedad. En riego, los mayores índices de clorof ila fueron con TF y M; en la absorción de N destacaron TF, M y las cepas 3 y 32; los mayores valores de P se observaron con la cepa 35; para Fe sobresalió la cepa 32. Así mismo, el consorcio Bacteriano 2709 incrementó el Zn, mientras que en temporal fue la cepa 39. La mayor colonización se registró en M y cepas 55, 39 y 35. En rendimiento de grano, las cepas 39, 3 y M, fueron competitivas con TF y superaron al resto de los tratamientos. Los resultados demostraron que la expresión del potencial de los inoculantes microbianos en la nutrición y rendimiento de sorgo, variaron en función a la cepa utilizada y a la condición de riego y temporal.

Características de planta y rendimiento de sorgo y su interacción con hongos micorrízicos en condiciones de riego y secano

Se evaluó la respuesta del sorgo (‘DK-345’) a seis cepas nativas de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) experimentales [3 (Funneliformis mossae), 20 (Gigaspora albida), 32 (F. mossae), 35 (F. mossae), 39 (F. mossae), 55 (Gigaspora sp.)], comparadas con micorriza INIFAP (Rhizophagus intraradices) y testigo sin inoculación, en riego y secano. El índice de clorofila (SPAD) se midió en tres estados de desarrollo (hoja bandera, floración y final de floración), además de la altura de planta, biomasa y rendimiento de grano. En hoja bandera, se observaron variacionesdeíndicedeclorofilaentrelascepasdeHMAy las condiciones de humedad. Los HMA no inf luyeron en el índice de clorofila durante la floración. Aunque al final de la floración, las cepas sobresalientes fueron 55 y micorriza INIFAP. La altura de planta fue semejante entre los HMA, pero16.5cmmayoresenriego.LabiomasaentrelosHMAfue similar pero superior a la del testigo. El mayor rendimiento de grano en las dos condiciones de humedad se obtuvo con la cepa 55 y micorriza INIFAP. El estudio demostró el potencial comparativo de las cepas nativas de HMA en sorgo.