Multilateralism 2.0: It Is Here—Are We Ready for It?

This article argues that one of the key questions—or even the key question—of our times is how to foster enhanced compatibility between national policy-making sovereignty and effective multilateral cooperation. There are multiple reasons for this. First, given the growing importance of global public good-type policy challenges and the rising trend toward multipolarity, the relationships among countries are now de facto marked by universal multilateralism. International cooperation is no longer only an option, as it conventionally was (especially for the major powers), but a compulsion. This new, binding type of multilateralism is called here “multilateralism 2.0” to distinguish it from the conventional, more optional type of multilateralism. Second, necessary systematic reforms to make global governance fit for the new reality of multilateralism 2.0 are still lacking, because states value their sovereignty. However, a persuasive reform vision and reform leadership have not yet emerged; currently, uncertainty exists about how to have both sovereignty and effective cooperation. The world is experiencing a “Kindleberger moment”: crisis and no leadership. Accordingly, this article offers concrete suggestions on possible ways forward. It suggests that the most important and urgent reform is to forge consensus on a new principle: the “dual-compatibility principle” calling for a commitment of states to (i) more sovereignty-compatible multilateral cooperation and (ii) an exercise of national policy-making sovereignty that is more compatible with multilateral cooperation. To clearly see the critical importance of this principle, a prior, eminently doable reform step is needed: widening the analytical lens of multilateralism to capture both the “real” and the “political” sides of this phenomenon and to recognize that the former is, in effect, the independent variable and the latter the dependent one.

Assessment Function Analysis of Human-Automation Team Performance: A reanalysis of data from Yamani and McCarley (2018)

Yamani and McCarley (2018) used workload capacity analysis to quantify automation usage strategy in a speeded length-judgment task and showed that operators delayed their responses under difficult task conditions. Contrary to predictions of the proximity compatibility principle, the results showed comparable operator performance between displays that embedded the aid’s decisional cue within the stimuli and those that did not, depending on task difficulty. This study reanalyzes the data of Yamani and McCarley (2018) employing functional principal component analysis of assessment functions (Townsend & Altieri, 2012) that combines both response times and accuracy for an analysis of workload capacity conditional to accuracy. The results indicate two components, early and late RT periods, both increased workload capacity and suggest that the integrated display may speed operator responses only under easy task conditions. Applied implications of the results are discussed.

Interfacial stresses analysis of FGM porous structures bonded with FRP plates

This paper presents a method for determining the interfacial stresses in an adhesive joint between a strengthening plate and a functionally graded beam. The beam is assumed to be isotropic with a constant poisson’s ratio. The present method is based on the deformation compatibility principle taking into account the neutral axis position of the FG beam. A power law for the distribution of the mechanical characteristic with a uniform and non-uniform porosity distribution is presented. A parametric study is presented to show the effect of some parameters on the distribution of stresses in the adhesive joint between the plat and the beam.