Serum sickness reaction to obinutuzumab in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

Serum sickness (SS) is a known phenomenon; however, it is commonly missed due to vague symptoms, and is usually confounded by other aetiologies that present similarly. Obinutuzumab is a novel anti-CD20 antibody agent that has been approved for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) treatment. At the time of approval, it was not linked to SS; however, this phenomenon has been recognised with other anti-CD20 agents like rituximab. SS remains a rare entity, but it is important to be recognised accurately and quickly in the appropriate circumstances, so that effective treatment with corticosteroids can be initiated to alleviate inflammatory symptoms. Here we present a patient with CLL who developed maculopapular rash, fever and polyarthritis and elevated inflammatory markers consistent with serum sickness triggered by obinutuzumab and was effectively treated with corticosteroids.

First exposure to rituximab is associated to high rate of anti-drug antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus but not in ANCA-associated vasculitis

Background Anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) can impact on the efficacy and safety of biologicals, today used to treat several chronic inflammatory conditions. Specific patient groups may be more prone to develop ADAs. Rituximab is routinely used for ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) and as off-label therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but data on occurrence and predisposing factors to ADAs in these diseases is limited. Objectives To elucidate the rate of occurrence, and risk factors for ADAs against rituximab in SLE and AAV. Methods ADAs were detected using a bridging electrochemiluminescent (ECL) immunoassay in sera from rituximab-naïve (AAV; n = 41 and SLE; n = 62) and rituximab-treated (AAV; n = 22 and SLE; n = 66) patients. Clinical data was retrieved from medical records. Disease activity was estimated by the SLE Disease Activity Index-2000 (SLEDAI-2 K) and the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS). Results After first rituximab cycle, no AAV patients were ADA-positive compared to 37.8% of the SLE patients. Samples were obtained at a median (IQR) time of 5.5 (3.7–7.0) months (AAV), and 6.0 (5.0–7.0) months (SLE). ADA-positive SLE individuals were younger (34.0 (25.9–40.8) vs 44.3 (32.7–56.3) years, p = 0.002) and with more active disease (SLEDAI-2 K 14.0 (10.0–18.5) vs. 8.0 (6.0–14), p = 0.0017) and shorter disease duration (4.14 (1.18–10.08) vs 9.19 (5.71–16.93), p = 0.0097) compared to ADA-negative SLE. ADAs primarily occurred in nephritis patients, were associated with anti-dsDNA positivity but were not influenced by concomitant use of corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide or previous treatments. Despite overall reduction of SLEDAI-2 K (12.0 (7.0–16) to 4.0 (2.0–6.7), p < 0.0001), ADA-positive individuals still had higher SLEDAI-2 K (6.0 (4.0–9.0) vs 4.0 (2.0–6.0), p = 0.004) and their B cell count at 6 months follow-up was higher (CD19 + % 4.0 (0.5–10.0) vs 0.5 (0.4–1.0), p = 0.002). At retreatment, two ADA-positive SLE patients developed serum sickness (16.7%), and three had infusion reactions (25%) in contrast with one (5.2%) serum sickness in the ADA-negative group. Conclusions In contrast to AAV, ADAs were highly prevalent among rituximab-treated SLE patients already after the first course of treatment and were found to effect on both clinical and immunological responses. The high frequency in SLE may warrant implementations of ADA screening before retreatment and survey of immediate and late-onset infusion reactions.