Identifikasi dan Karakteristik Habitat Jenis Lumut Kerak di Taman Wisata Alam Sicikeh-Cikeh Kabupaten Dairi Sumatera Utara

Lumut kerak adalah hasil simbiosis dari fungi dan alga. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis lichen di Taman Wisata Alam Sicikeh-cikeh Kabupaten Dairi Sumatera Utara. Metode yang digunakan merupakan metode survey eksploratif yaitu menjelajahi sepanjang jalur lokasi penelitian. Pada penelitian ini ditemukan 19 jenis yaitu lichen dari 7 famili. 8 jenis dari famili yaitu Parmeliaceae (<em>Parmotrema arnoldii</em> (Du Rietz) Hale, <em>Usnea dasypoga</em> (Acharius.) Nyl., <em>Usnea barbata</em> (L.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg., <em>Cetrelia olivetorum</em> (S.) Sticto., <em>Hypogymnia physode</em>s (L.) Nyl., <em>Bulbothrix tabacina</em> (Mont.) Hale, <em>Parmotrema perlatum</em> (Huds.) M. Choisy and <em>Parmelia sulcata</em> (Taylor.), 4 jenis dari famili Cladoniaceae yaitu <em>Pseudevernia cladonia</em> (Tuck.) W. L. Culb., <em>Cladonia rangiferina</em> (L.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg., <em>Cladonia cristatella</em> (Tuck.), 3 jenis dari famili Lobariaceae yaitu <em>Sticta sylvatica</em> (Hudson). Ach., <em>Pseudocyphellaria anthraspis</em> (Ach.) H. Magn. dan <em>Sticta crocodia</em> (Ach). Masing-masing 1 jenis dari famili Physciaceae (<em>Heterodermia leucomalos</em> (L.) Kalb.), Pertusariaceae (<em>Ochrolichia subviridi</em> (Hoeg) Erichsen.), Trentepohliaceae (<em>Trentopohlia flava</em> (Kutzing) De Toni.), and Pyrenulaceae (<em>Pyrenula sulcata</em> Eschw.). Karakteristik habitat Lumut kerak yang di temukan memiliki karakteristik habitat dengan menempel di pohon, hidup di serasah dan tanah dengan tipe talus Crustose 2 jenis dengan ciri talus berbentuk mirip kulit yang menempel ketat pada substratnya, tipe talus Foliose 8 jenis dengan karakteristik tumbuh seperti semak dan tipe talus Fruticose 9 jenis dengan ciri berwarna hijau dengan struktur permukaan halus.

Comparative Evaluation of Phytochemical Constituents by GC-MS and Antitubercular & Antimicrobial Potential of Ceiba pentandra and Parmotrema perlatum against Resistant Strains

Ceiba pentandra and Parmotrema perlatum lichen are two illustrious spices. Apart from their benefit as aromas, These are known for various therapeutic activities. Both are well known as appetizers. Decoctions of theses powders are used to relieve cough, anorexia and helminthiasis etc. Though several studies on antimicrobial activities of these two plants are available, studies on resistant microorganisms and anti tubercular activity are very limited. Hence, the author made an attempt to identify the phytochemical constituents present in methanolic and n-hexane extracts of Ceiba pentandra and Parmotrema perlatum using phytochemical tests and GC-MS method then to evaluate antibacterial activity against 5 resistant microorganisms by microtitre broth dilution method using ciprofloxacillin & streptomycin as reference standards. Methanolic extracts of Parmotrema perlatum and Ceiba pentandra had shown a considerable antibacterial activity than n-hexane extracts and exhibited 90% growth inhibition against H37Rv resistant strain of mycobacterium at 80 & 320 micrograms/ml respectively. N-hexane extracts of both species were found to be poorly effective against H37 Rv.

DOMINANCE AND DIVERSITY OF FALLEN EPIPHYTIC LICHENS IN A BROADLEAVED FOREST ECOSYSTEM OF GARHWAL HIMALAYA, INDIA

The communication is aimed at providing quantitative information on fallen epiphytic lichens in a broadleaved forest ecosystem dominated by Oak (Quercus semecarpifolia). A total of 17 lichen species were encountered during the field samplings. Parmotrema perlatum was the dominant lichen species with higher values of density and diversity followed by Lecanora chlaroteraa, the co-dominant species. Medium diversity index (Shannon-Wiener) is an indicator for further investigation at broader level of forest ecosystems.

Depigmenting potential of lichen extracts evaluated by in vitro and in vivo tests

Melanin is the main pigment of human skin, playing the primary role of protection from ultraviolet radiation. Alteration of the melanin production may lead to hyperpigmentation diseases, with both aesthetic and health consequences. Thus, suppressors of melanogenesis are considered useful tools for medical and cosmetic treatments. A great interest is focused on natural sources, aimed at finding safe and quantitatively available depigmenting substances. Lichens are thought to be possible sources of this kind of compounds, as the occurrence of many phenolic molecules suggests possible effects on phenolase enzymes involved in melanin synthesis, like tyrosinase. In this work, we used four lichen species, Cetraria islandica Ach., Flavoparmelia caperata Hale, Letharia vulpina (L.) Hue, and Parmotrema perlatum (Hudson) M. Choisy, to obtain extracts in solvents of increasing polarity, viz. chloroform, chloroform-methanol, methanol, and water. Cell-free, tyrosinase inhibition experiments showed highest inhibition for L. vulpina methanol extract, followed by C. islandica chloroform-methanol one. Comparable results for depigmenting activities were observed by means of in vitro and in vivo systems, such as MeWo melanoma cells and zebrafish larvae. Our study provides first evidence of depigmenting effects of lichen extracts, from tyrosinase inhibition to cell and in vivo models, suggesting that L. vulpina and C. islandica extracts deserve to be further studied for developing skin-whitening products.

Chemical Analysis (GC-FID-MS) and Antimicrobial Activity of Parmotrema perlatum Essential Oil Against Clinical Specimens

The major study of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition and the inhibitory components of Parmotrema perlatum against the clinically isolated specimens of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Escherichia, Pseudomonas and Candida.. The GC-FID-MS by using a Trace GC Ultra apparatus MS DSQ II detectors and FID-MS splitter under the operating conditions of apolar capillary column was employed to determine the chemical composition of Parmotrema perlatum essential oil. Amino acid (38.1%) and cymene (29.1%) were the most adequate constituents in this oil. The antibacterial activity of Parmotrema perlatum oil was tested against standard strains of bacteria and clinical strains isolated from patients with infections of the oral cavity, abdominal cavity, respiratory, genitourinary tracts, skin, and from the hospital environment. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique was employed to determine the susceptibility of the organism towards the Parmotrema perlatum essential oil exhibited very strong antimicrobial activity to inhibit the growth of the clinical specimens. Application of natural antimicrobial based essential oil from Parmotrema perlatum can be potential source in the treatment & prevention of different types of infections as an alternative to the chemical - based antibiotics based on the investigation.

New records of lichens from the Polish uplands

Five lichen species: <em>Bacidia pycnidiata, Fellhanera gyrophorica, Leucocarpia biatorella, Parmotrema perlatum</em> and <em>Punctelia ulophylla,</em> are presented. <em>Bacidia pycnidiata, Leucocarpia biatorella, Punctelia ulophylla</em> are new to Central Poland. <em>Bacidia pycnidiata</em> is reported from Poland for the third time.

Changes in distribution and substrate preferences of selected threatened lichens in the Czech Republic

The distribution and ecology of four threatened lichens in the Czech Republic, Evernia mesomorpha, Hyperphyscia adglutinata, Hypotrachyna revoluta and Parmotrema perlatum, have been studied. All species are mainly epiphytic, but recent records from the Czech Republic are largely from siliceous rocks in river/brook valleys. Changes in distribution and substrate preferences are documented and discussed.