Biodiversity Patterns and Ecological Preferences of the Photobionts Associated With the Lichen-Forming Genus Parmelia

The worldwide, ecologically relevant lichen-forming genus Parmelia currently includes 41 accepted species, of which the Parmelia sulcata group (PSULgp) and the Parmelia saxatilis group (PSAXgp) have received considerable attention over recent decades; however, phycobiont diversity is poorly known in Parmelia s. lat. Here, we studied the diversity of Trebouxia microalgae associated with 159 thalli collected from 30 locations, including nine Parmelia spp.: P. barrenoae, P. encryptata, P. ernstiae, P. mayi, P. omphalodes, P. saxatilis, P. serrana, P. submontana, and P. sulcata. The mycobionts were studied by carrying out phylogenetic analyses of the nrITS. Microalgae genetic diversity was examined by using both nrITS and LSU rDNA markers. To evaluate putative species boundaries, three DNA species delimitation analyses were performed on Trebouxia and Parmelia. All analyses clustered the mycobionts into two main groups: PSULgp and PSAXgp. Species delimitation identified 13 fungal and 15 algal species-level lineages. To identify patterns in specificity and selectivity, the diversity and abundance of the phycobionts were identified for each Parmelia species. High specificity of each Parmelia group for a given Trebouxia clade was observed; PSULgp associated only with clade I and PSAXgp with clade S. However, the degree of specificity is different within each group, since the PSAXgp mycobionts were less specific and associated with 12 Trebouxia spp., meanwhile those of PSULgp interacted only with three Trebouxia spp. Variation-partitioning analyses were conducted to detect the relative contributions of climate, geography, and symbiotic partner to phycobiont and mycobiont distribution patterns. Both analyses explained unexpectedly high portions of variability (99 and 98%) and revealed strong correlations between the fungal and algal diversity. Network analysis discriminated seven ecological clusters. Even though climatic conditions explained the largest proportion of the variation among these clusters, they seemed to show indifference relative to climatic parameters. However, the cluster formed by P. saxatilis A/P. saxatilis B/Trebouxia sp. 2/Trebouxia sp. S02/Trebouxia sp. 3A was identified to prefer cold-temperate as well as humid summer environments.

Environmental conditions influence on the accumulation of secondary metabolites of lichens of the genus Cladonia and the family Parmeliaceae

This paper gives the maximum absorption of 10 secondary metabolites of lichens in a 96% alcohol solution. An assessment of the content of lichen acids growing in the Muransky pine forest, the Buzuluk pine forest, the Krasnosamarsky Woodland and in the Bolshechernigovsky district of the Samara Region was also carried out. All the species studied by us accumulate more secondary metabolites when growing in the Krasnosamarsky Woodland in comparison with those in the Buzuluk pine forest by 1,12-5,47 times. From the point of view of medicine and agriculture, as a raw material for drugs, as well as for drugs with fungicidal and insecticidal activity, it is more expedient to collect material in the Krasnosamarsky Woodland and other areas in the steppe zone with similar contrasting ecological factors, where the total amount of active stuff is more. The total content of secondary metabolites decreases in the order: Evernia mesomorpha Hypogymnia physodes Evernia prunastri Xanthoparmelia camtschadalis Parmelia sulcata Pseudevernia furfuracea Cladonia arbuscula Cladonia furcata Cladonia fimbriata Cladonia rangiferina . In general, the studied representatives of the genus Cladonia accumulate secondary metabolites 2 times or more less than representatives of the Parmeliaceae family.

Identifikasi dan Karakteristik Habitat Jenis Lumut Kerak di Taman Wisata Alam Sicikeh-Cikeh Kabupaten Dairi Sumatera Utara

Lumut kerak adalah hasil simbiosis dari fungi dan alga. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis lichen di Taman Wisata Alam Sicikeh-cikeh Kabupaten Dairi Sumatera Utara. Metode yang digunakan merupakan metode survey eksploratif yaitu menjelajahi sepanjang jalur lokasi penelitian. Pada penelitian ini ditemukan 19 jenis yaitu lichen dari 7 famili. 8 jenis dari famili yaitu Parmeliaceae (<em>Parmotrema arnoldii</em> (Du Rietz) Hale, <em>Usnea dasypoga</em> (Acharius.) Nyl., <em>Usnea barbata</em> (L.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg., <em>Cetrelia olivetorum</em> (S.) Sticto., <em>Hypogymnia physode</em>s (L.) Nyl., <em>Bulbothrix tabacina</em> (Mont.) Hale, <em>Parmotrema perlatum</em> (Huds.) M. Choisy and <em>Parmelia sulcata</em> (Taylor.), 4 jenis dari famili Cladoniaceae yaitu <em>Pseudevernia cladonia</em> (Tuck.) W. L. Culb., <em>Cladonia rangiferina</em> (L.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg., <em>Cladonia cristatella</em> (Tuck.), 3 jenis dari famili Lobariaceae yaitu <em>Sticta sylvatica</em> (Hudson). Ach., <em>Pseudocyphellaria anthraspis</em> (Ach.) H. Magn. dan <em>Sticta crocodia</em> (Ach). Masing-masing 1 jenis dari famili Physciaceae (<em>Heterodermia leucomalos</em> (L.) Kalb.), Pertusariaceae (<em>Ochrolichia subviridi</em> (Hoeg) Erichsen.), Trentepohliaceae (<em>Trentopohlia flava</em> (Kutzing) De Toni.), and Pyrenulaceae (<em>Pyrenula sulcata</em> Eschw.). Karakteristik habitat Lumut kerak yang di temukan memiliki karakteristik habitat dengan menempel di pohon, hidup di serasah dan tanah dengan tipe talus Crustose 2 jenis dengan ciri talus berbentuk mirip kulit yang menempel ketat pada substratnya, tipe talus Foliose 8 jenis dengan karakteristik tumbuh seperti semak dan tipe talus Fruticose 9 jenis dengan ciri berwarna hijau dengan struktur permukaan halus.

Техногенный ландшафт как средоточие разнообразия редких видов лишайников в Центральном Черноземье

Цель – первое лихенологическое обследование техногенных отвалов Михайловского горно-обогатительного комбината (Железногорский район, Курская область) с прилегающими природными и урбанизированными территориями. Материалы и методы. Сборы материалов проводились маршрутным методом в течение 2017 и 2019-2020 годов, камеральная обработка осуществлялась с применением общепринятых лихенологических методик. Идентифицированные образцы хранятся в гербариях Центрально-Черноземного заповедника им. проф. В. В. Алехина и Станции юных натуралистов г. Железногорска. Результаты и обсуждение. Выявленная лихенобиота включает 88 видов (преимущественно макролишайников, вследствие методики сбора) из 38 родов, 18 семейств. Наиболее распространенные, металл-толерантные виды: геоплезные Cladonia fimbriata, C. coniocraea, эпигеидные C. rei, C. mitis, C. cornuta, C. furcata, C. phyllophora и C. gracilis, эпифито-эпиксильные Evernia prunastri, Parmelia sulcata, Xanthoria parietina, Hypogymnia physodes и Physcia adscendens. Составлен аннотированный список в различной степени редких видов, среди которых 4 новых для Центрального Черноземья (Cladonia cervicornis, Dibaeis baeomyces, Usnea dasopoga, U. lapponica); 5 новых для Курской области (Bryoria fuscescens, Cladonia carneola, C. deformis, Melanohalea septentrionalis, Peltigera extenuata); 6 занесенных в Красную книгу Курской области (Cladonia subrangiformis, C. subulata, Peltigera praetextata, Platismatia glauca, Pseudevernia furfuracea и Usnea subfloridana); еще 5 редки в области или на более обширных территориях (Acarospora veronensis, Protoparmeliopsis muralis, Ramalina pollinaria, Trapelia coarctata, Usnea hirta). Сосредоточение значительного числа редких видов в техногенных ландшафтах, по-видимому, обусловлено рядом причин: наличием крупных выходов редкого в области и Центральном Черноземье субстрата (ожелезненного песчаника); слабой конкуренцией со стороны сосудистых растений на бедных и обогащенных металлами почвах и грунтах; ботанико-географическим положением территории; спецификой локального загрязнения среды, представленного преимущественно «кислыми» поллютантами и частицами металлов. Заключение. Отмечена приуроченность регионально редких кустистых и листоватых эпифитов из экологической группы ацидофилов к насаждениям березы в изученных техногенных ландшафтах. Предложены некоторые меры охраны выявленных редких видов лишайников.

Antibacterial Potential of Six Lichen Species against Enterococcus durans from Leather Industry : Evaluation of acetone extracts obtained from several lichen species as alternative natural antibacterial agents

Antibacterial resistant bacteria are a significant problem in the hide or skin soaking process due to their destructive properties on finished leather. Lichens may be a solution to overcome this resistance problem. Enterococcus durans (99.86%) was isolated from soak liquor samples. For screening of possible antibacterial effects of lichen acetone extracts, six lichen species (Hypogymnia tubulosa, H. physodes, Evernia divaricata, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Parmelia sulcata and Usnea sp.) were examined by nine-fold dilution against E. durans. H. tubulosa, H. physodes and E. divaricata extracts showed antibacterial effects at the concentrations of 240 μg ml−1, 120 μg ml−1 and 60 μg ml−1 whereas the extracts of P. furfuracea had an antibacterial effect at 240 μg ml−1 and 120 μg ml−1. On the other hand, P. sulcata had no antibacterial effect. The most successful lichen extract was determined to be Usnea sp. at the concentrations of 240 μg ml−1, 120 μg ml−1, 60 μg ml−1, 30 μg ml−1 and 15 μg ml−1. In conclusion, lichen extracts seem to have potential antibacterial efficacies against E. durans.

Didymocyrtis epiphyscia (Phaeosphaeriaceae) is new to Kazakhstan and Central Asia

Didymocyrtis epiphyscia s. lat. is reported for the first time for Kazakhstan and Central Asia. Anatomical characteristics of studied material are provided. Taxonomic difficulties of the D. epiphyscia complex are discussed. A possibly new lichenicolous Didymocyrtis species (on Parmelia sulcata) with non-guttulate conidia is described, illustrated and discussed.