INTEGRATION DYNAMICS OF THE MARKET OF BEET SEEDS IN UKRAINE

The functioning of a transparent, state-regulated market circulation of seeds and garden material in prospect has to develop along the market path. The article notes that ensuring the competitiveness of domestic agricultural products, increasing gross income in the crop production industry can be provided if the country joins the Schemes for Variety Certification of Seeds of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (hereinafter – OECD). It has been emphasized that an equal partnership in the world market of sugar beet seeds, increasing the varietal purity of domestic seed material and increasing yields will be ensured by varietal certification. Joining the Variety Certification Schemes will have a positive impact on the interests of business entities and the state. The necessity of the procedure for certification of seeds to international requirements was clarified in order to ensure and eliminate the discrepancies that existed in the current legislation and some SSTU. The development of the market of beet seeds has been investigated with the help of V&V (verification and validation), this diagnostic method is the best way to solve problems in various unpredictable situations in order to avoid them or prevent them from spreading at different stages of market development. The V-shaped model for diagnosing the development of the market of beet seeds reflects some of the relevant trends in the V&V context. The efficiency of the regulatory environment in the field of seed production has been analysed. It has been proven that the most promising and most effective in this direction are seed-breeding centres – formations created on the basis of scientific institutions of a seed-breeding profile. The leader in this industry is the Yaltushkivska Experimental Breeding Station of the Institute of Bioenergetic Crops and Sugar Beet of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, which is part of the Educational-Scientific-Industrial Complex «All-Ukrainian Scientific-Educational Consortium» (hereinafter - Yaltushkivska RSS IBC and SB NAAS of Ukraine). It has been substantiated that an important task of the Yaltushkivska RSS IBC and SB NAAS of Ukraine is to become the centre for the implementation of the Schemes of the varietal certification system of seeds.

Bt cotton seed purity in Burkina Faso: status and lessons learnt

Background Since the commercial release of Bt cotton in Burkina Faso in 2009, the issue of seed purity in producers’ fields has rarely been addressed in an unbiased and objective manner. The potential for contamination of conventional seed varieties with Bt traits and the consequent threat to the continuation of organic cotton production has been documented. However, studies are rare on the varietal purity of Bt cotton seeds, despite the implications for the effectiveness and sustainability of their use. This paper compensates for the lack of research on the varietal purity of cotton seeds in Burkina Faso by reporting the results of Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay tests collected in 2015 on samples of both conventional and Bt varieties from 646 fields. Results According to the conservative criteria used to declare the presence of a Bt gene in a given variety (more than 10% of seeds of conventional variety exhibit Bt traits, and at least 90% of seeds of Bt variety exhibit Bt traits), seed purity was very questionable for both types of variety. For the supposedly conventional variety, the Cry1Ac gene was observed in 63.6% of samples, the Cry2Ab gene was observed in 59.3% of samples, and both genes were detected in 52.2% of the seed samples. Only 29.3% of the seeds that were supposed to be of conventional type contained no Bt genes. Conversely, for the labeled Bt variety, the Cry1Ac gene was found in only 59.6% of samples, the Cry2Ab gene was found in 53.6% of the samples, and both genes were found in 40.4% of the samples. Finally, for the seeds that were supposed to contain both genes (Bollguard 2), both Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab genes were found in only 40.4% of the samples, only one of the genes was found in 32.4% of the samples, and 27.2% of the seeds in the samples contained neither. Two factors are responsible for the severe lack of seed purity. First, conventional varieties are being contaminated with Bt traits because of a failure to revise the seed production scheme in Burkina Faso to prevent cross-pollination. Second, the original Bt seeds provided to Burkina Faso lacked varietal purity. The organic sector plays a very minor role in the cotton sector of Burkina Faso (production of organic cotton totaled 453 t in 2018/2019, out of national cotton production of 183 000 t). Nevertheless, the lack of purity in conventional seed varieties is a threat to efforts to expand certified organic cotton production. The poor presence of Bt proteins in supposed Bt varieties undermines their effectiveness in controlling pests and increases the likelihood of the development of resistance among pest populations. Conclusion Our results show the extent of purity loss when inadequate attention is paid to the preservation of seed purity. Pure conventional seeds could vanish in Burkina Faso, while Bt seeds do not carry the combination of the expected Bt traits. Any country wishing to embark on the use of Bt cotton, or to resume its use, as in the case of Burkina Faso, must first adjust its national seed production scheme to ensure that procedures to preserve varietal purity are enforced. The preservation of varietal purity is necessary to enable the launch or the continuation of identity-cotton production. In addition, the preservation of varietal purity is necessary to ensure the sustainable effectiveness of Bt cotton. In order to ensure that procedures to preserve varietal purity are observed, seed purity must be tested regularly, and test results must be published.

Bt cotton seed purity in Burkina Faso: Status and lessons learnt

BackgroundSince the commercial release of Bt cotton in Burkina Faso in 2009, the issue of seed purity in producers' fields has rarely been addressed in an unbiased and objective manner. The potential for contamination of conventional seed varieties with Bt traits and the consequent threat to the continuation of organic cotton production has been documented. However, studies are rare on the varietal purity of Bt cotton seeds, despite the implications for the effectiveness and sustainability of their use.This paper compensates for the lack of research on the varietal purity of cotton seeds in Burkina Faso by reporting the results of Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay tests collected in 2015 on samples of both conventional and Bt varieties from 646 fields.ResultsAccording to the conservative criteria used to declare the presence of a Bt gene in a given variety (more than 10% of seeds of conventional variety exhibit Bt traits, and at least 90% of seeds of Bt variety exhibit Bt traits), seed purity was very questionable for both types of variety. For the supposedly conventional variety, the Cry1Ac gene was observed in 63.6% of samples, the Cry2Ab gene was observed in 59.3% of samples, and both genes were detected in 52.2% of the seed samples. Only 29.3% of the seeds that were supposed to be of conventional type contained no Bt genes. Conversely, for the labeled Bt variety, the Cry1Ac gene was found in only 59.6% of samples, the Cry2Ab gene was found in 53.6% of the samples, and both genes were found in 40.4% of the samples. Finally, for the seeds that were supposed to contain both genes (Bollguard 2), both Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab genes were found in only 40.4% of the samples, only one of the genes was found in 32.4% of the samples, and 27.2% of the seeds in the samples contained neither.Two factors are responsible for the severe lack of seed purity. First, conventional varieties are being contaminated with Bt traits because of a failure to revise the seed production scheme in Burkina Faso to prevent cross-pollination. Second, the original Bt seeds provided to Burkina Faso lacked varietal purity.The organic sector plays a very minor role in the cotton sector of Burkina Faso (production of organic cotton totaled 453 tonnes in 2018/2019, out of national cotton production of 183 000 tonnes). Nevertheless, the lack of purity in conventional seed varieties is a threat to efforts to expand certified organic cotton production. The poor presence of Bt proteins in supposedly Bt varieties undermines their effectiveness in controlling pests and increases the likelihood of the development of resistance among pest populations.ConclusionOur results show the extent of purity loss when inadequate attention is paid to the preservation of seed purity. Pure conventional seeds could vanish in Burkina Faso, while Bt seeds do not carry the combination of the expected Bt traits. Any country wishing to embark on the use of Bt cotton, or to resume its use, as in the case of Burkina Faso, must first adjust its national seed production scheme to ensure that procedures to preserve varietal purity are enforced. The preservation of varietal purity is necessary to enable the launch or the continuation of identity-cotton production. In addition, the preservation of varietal purity is necessary to ensure the sustainable effectiveness of Bt cotton. In order to ensure that procedures to preserve varietal purity are observed, seed purity must be tested regularly, and test results must be published.

CHANGE IN VARIETAL PURITY OF FLAXSEEDS WHEN THEY ARE CLOGGED WITH SEEDS OF INTER-GARLIC FORM OF FLAX IN THE PROCESS OF THEIR REPRODUCTION IN PRIMARY SEED FARMING NURSERIES

The most common reason for the appearance of varietal impurities in flax crops is the non-compliance with the main provisions of on-farm control when working with two or more varieties of flax on the farm or during variety changer. Field testing does not always give a correct assessment of the condition of crops by varietal purity. Due to the unevenness of the crops in the field, the morphological assessment of individual plants with a handful analysis does not allow to reliably determine the percentage of biological impurities of the baggage type. The purpose of the research was to study the dynamics ofpropagation of varietal pollutant-type admixture, which has a yellow color of seeds, in the seeds of flax littered by it at a 3-year reseeding. Clarify the index of varietal purity of flax seed OS category in GOST R 52325-2005. Studies were conducted in 2015-2017 in the field of the Experimental Field of the Institute of Flax (Torzhoksky District, Tver Region). The object of the study was plants and seeds of flax Antey variety (control). The use of varietal mixtures with marker traits made it possible to accurately determine its content in the crop during the successive propagation of seeds in primary seedfarming nurseries. It has been established that over three years of reproduction, the amount of varietal impurity in the crop according to the experimental variants with the impurity content from 0.2 to 0.7% increased by 0.2 ... 0.3%; with a clogging of 1.0%, there was a more significant increase in its yield by 0.4% in 2015 and by 1.6% in 2017. Under conditions of excessive moisture in 2016, the content of varietal admixture seeds decreased by 0.1% compared to the previous year.

Bt cotton seed purity in Burkina Faso: Status and lessons learnt

[Background] Since the commercial release of Bt cotton in Burkina Faso in 2009, the issue of seed purity in producers' fields has rarely been addressed in an unbiased and objective manner. The potential for contamination of conventional seed varieties with Bt traits, and the consequent threat to the continuation of organic cotton production has been documented. However, studies are rare on the varietal purity of Bt cotton seeds, despite the implications for the effectiveness and sustainability of their use. This paper compensates for the lack of research on the varietal purity of cotton seeds in Burkina Faso by reporting the results of ELISA tests collected in 2015 on samples of both conventional and Bt varieties from 646 fields. [Results] According to the conservative criteria used to declare the presence of a Bt gene in a given variety (more than 10% of seeds of conventional variety exhibit Bt traits, and at least 90% of seeds of Bt variety exhibit Bt traits) seed purity was very questionable for both types of variety. For the supposedly conventional variety, the Cry1Ac gene was observed in 63.6% of samples, the Cry2Ab gene was observed in 59.3% of samples, and both genes were detected in 52.2% of the seed samples. Only 29.3% of the seeds that were supposed to be conventional contained no Bt genes. Conversely, for the labeled Bt variety, the Cry1Ac gene was found in only 59.6% of samples, the Cry2Ab gene was found in 53.6% of the samples, and both genes were found in 40.4% of the samples. Finally, for the seeds that were supposed to contain both genes (Bollguard 2), both Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab genes were found in only 40.4% of the samples, only one of the genes was found in 32.4% of the samples, and 27.2% of the seeds in the samples contained neither gene. Two factors are responsible for the severe lack of seed purity. First, conventional varieties are being contaminated with Bt traits because of a failure to revise the seed production scheme in Burkina Faso to prevent cross fertilization. Second, the original Bt seeds provided to Burkina Faso lacked varietal purity. The organic sector plays a very minor role in the cotton sector of Burkina Faso (production of organic cotton totaled 453 tonnes in 2018/19, out of national cotton production of 183,000 tonnes). Nevertheless, the lack of purity in conventional seed varieties is a threat to efforts to expand certified organic cotton production. The poor expression of Bt traits in supposedly Bt varieties undermines their effectiveness in controlling pests and increases the likelihood of the development of resistance among pest populations. [Conclusion] Our results show the extent of purity loss when inadequate attention is paid to the preservation of seed purity. Pure conventional seeds could totally vanish in Burkina Faso, while Bt seeds do not carry the combination of the expected Bt traits. Any country wishing to embark on the use of Bt cotton, or to resume its use, as in the case of Burkina Faso, must first adjust its national seed production scheme to ensure that procedures to preserve varietal purity are enforced. The preservation of varietal purity is necessary to enable the launch or the continuation of identity-cotton production. In addition, the preservation of varietal purity is necessary to ensure the sustainable effectiveness of Bt cotton. In order to ensure that procedures to preserve varietal purity are observed, seed purity must be tested regularly, and test results must be published.

TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL MAINTENANCE OF PRECISION SEPARATION OF SEED SUNFLOWER MATERIAL

To obtain homogeneous genetic seed of sunflower parent components, which by varietal and sowing qualities, must have a varietal purity of 99.6-99.9%, it is necessary to ensure their precise (exact) separation according to the morphological and physico-mechanical properties in the complex. Based on the necessary requirements for the technological processes of cleaning and separation of seed mixture, a rational precision technological line has been developed for the processes of separation of seed material of sunflower, which includes automation of technical equipment. Also, to increase the efficiency of the sunflower breeding process, a device for automatic phenotyping of seeds has been added to the developed production line, which makes it possible to significantly intensify and reduce the selection process and improve the design of the crossing program due to bioinformative data analysis and sorting of seeds. As a result of the analysis of technological methods for the separation of sunflower seed material and their technical support, it has been established that the main trends in the development of precision seed cleaning equipment are the creation of adaptive control systems that allow dynamic optimization of operating modes of the working bodies without operator intervention.

Biotechnology of Accelerated Breeding and Improvement of Cotton Varieties

The success of any breeding program depends upon the availability of genetic variability of traits of interest and availability of efficient markers for selection of traits. Within the last 20 years, molecular biology has revolutionized conventional breeding techniques in all areas. Biochemical and molecular techniques have shortened the duration of breeding programmes. In this article are discussed the opportunities of use of biochemical markers (enzymes and proteins) for acceleration of breeding of new and improving of existing cotton varieties on tolerance to different unfavourable environmental factors and with complex of desired traits and varietal purity. We analyzed nineteen (19) local cotton varieties and lines (Gossypium hirsutum L.) for this purpose. The indices of oxidoreductases class enzymes and two phosphoprotein markers were developed as objective biochemical markers of earliness, homogeneity, tolerance to Verticillium wilt, drought and salinity.

Survey of rice seed quality analysis for varietal purity estimation by using image processing techniques

In south India rice is the major food source and in agriculture, rice production covers more than 70 percentages of entire forming. But in recent the production only from south India not enough to satisfy the need of all, such a huge demand is there. The better production comes from the selection of good seeds. Up to now formers depend on two factors for selecting better seeds, One is the brand which is approved by some quality standards and second one is analyzed manually by experienced people. Both are risky one, we are not pretty much sure the accuracy of analyze. The second one is seeing and feeling. The inspection is not consistent also very time consuming. In the other way we can use computer vision technology to analyze the quality of the seeds. In recent years many of the big industries they are using computer vision technology with Digital Image Processing for many of the applications. In this Paper we are going to discuss the different seed quality analyzing methods and accuracy of result also. Moreover there are different factors and features are there for it, here we are going to study about varietal purity estimation by different methods.