Sound-Making Objects

The chapter investigates a specific functional category of objects of everyday life: sound-producing objects, with a focus on ordinary, simple items such as bells, clappers, and rattles, and their social function and contribution to everyday experience. After an initial overview of the types of artefacts studied and their dating, evidence from a close examination of the objects themselves is set alongside wider knowledge of their use and social context available from visual and textual sources, and historical and anthropological studies that shed light on the social function of sound-making objects. An innovative aspect of this chapter is the use of evidence from artefact replicas regarding likely notes played, and the volume of the sound produced. This directly inform understanding of the possible roles played by particular types of instruments within everyday social experience in Roman and late antique Egypt, for instance whether they were suited to public performance, more individual entertainment and play, or wider social functions such as the production of alarm sounds, and their audibility to different social groups with discrepant hearing capacity, such as young children, or elderly people. Drawing on experimental recording data including the recreation of the acoustic environment within a Romano-Egyptian house, the final section examines how the sounds produced by the objects may have contributed more widely to the creation of ambient environments and collective experiences.

Applying Human Factors Engineering to Address the Telemetry Alarm Problem in a Large Medical Center

Objective Address the alarm problem by redesigning, reorganizing, and reprioritizing to better discriminate alarm sounds and displays in a hospital. Background Alarms in hospitals are frequently misunderstood, disregarded, and overridden. Method Discovery-oriented, intervention, and translational studies were conducted. Study objectives and measures varied, but had the shared goals of increasing positive predictive value (PPV) of critical alarms by reducing low-PPV alarms in the background, prioritizing alarms, redesigning alarm sounds to increase information content, and transparently conveying who initiated alarms. An alarm ontology was iteratively generated and refined until consensus was achieved. Results The ontology distinguishes five levels of urgency that incorporate likely PPV, three categories for who initiates the alarm (hospital staff, patient, or machine), whether it is clinical or technical, and clinical functions. Conclusion This unique collaboration allowed us to make progress on the alarm problem by making unintuitive leaps, avoiding common missteps, and refuting conventional healthcare approaches. Application Hospitals can consistently redesign, reorganize, reprioritize, and better discriminate alarms by priority, PPV, and content to reduce nurse response times.

Rancang Bangun Alat Penanganan Dan Pengendalian Kebakaran Berbasis Arduino Nano Dengan Si stem IoT

This will be very useful for residents of the house to prevent what can cause a fire incident. In the main research, system design will make a fire detector and smoke and gas detector, using 3 Flame Sensors and 3 MQ-2 Sensors. This design concept will be installed in each room which consists of 3 rooms. The microcontroller used in this design system is an Arduino Nano microcontroller which functions as part of the Flame Sensor controller, MQ-2 Sensor, WeMos D1 Mini, Relay, and Buzzer. Furthermore, the system output uses a Flame Sensor which is already in a HIGH state so that it can activate automatic shutdown, and the tool can submit a notification to the occupants of the house via an android application called Blynk and an alarm sounds. If the implementation of the MQ-2 Sensor is in a HIGH state, the system will provide warning instructions in the form of a notification from the android and an alarm will sound for the occupants of the house. So that the residents of the house will be prepared to take action to extinguish the fire in the house. Keywords : Fire, Flame Sensor, MQ-2 Sensor

Masking Between Reserved Alarm Sounds of the IEC 60601-1-8 International Medical Alarm Standard: A Systematic, Formal Analysis

Objective In this work, we systematically evaluated the reserved alarm sounds of the IEC 60601-1-8 international medical alarm standard to determine when and how they can be totally and partially masked. Background IEC 60601-1-8 gives engineers instruction for creating human-perceivable auditory medical alarms. This includes reserved alarm sounds: common types of alarms where each is a tonal melody. Even when this standard is honored, practitioners still fail to hear alarms, causing practitioner nonresponse and, thus, potential patient harm. Simultaneous masking, a condition where one or more alarms is imperceptible in the presence of other concurrently sounding alarms due to limitations of the human sensory system, is partially responsible for this. Methods In this research, we use automated proof techniques to determine if masking can occur in a modeled configuration of medical alarms. This allows us to determine when and how reserved alarm sound can mask other reserved alarms and to explore parameters to address discovered problems. Results We report the minimum number of other alarm sounds it takes to both totally and partially mask each of the high-, medium-, and low-priority alarm sounds from the standard. Conclusions Significant masking problems were found for both the total and partial masking of high-, medium-, and low-priority reserved alarm sounds. Application We show that discovered problems can be mitigated by setting alarm volumes to standard values based on priority level and by randomizing the timing of alarm tones.

A Framework for Analyzing Residential Fire Outcomes in Homes with Operative Smoke Alarms

Operative smoke alarms have been shown to be effective in reducing home-fire fatalities, but there remain incidents in which injuries and death occur despite the presence of a working smoke alarm. The present work presents a scientifically-guided framework for evaluating the outcomes of such incidents from the perspective of human factors and, specifically, the warnings communication process. It considers the roles of environmental, individual, and situational factors in occupants’ detection, noticing, and processing of smoke alarms, as well as the behaviors produced in response. Such factors include the acoustic environment in which the alarm sounds, the occupants’ cognitive state and focus of attention, the occupants’ developmental and physical abilities, and the situational circumstances in which a response is chosen and executed. The synthesis of these findings provides one methodology for understanding real-world outcomes of fires, as well as informing development and evaluation of countermeasures for improving residential fire fatality rates.

Driver Eye Blink Rate Detection and Alert System

Drowsy driving is as dangerous as drunk driving. Many people, especially youth, ignore this and still continue to drive in this state. Drowsiness is the one of the major causes of road accidents, especially at night. Eating certain kinds of food causes the blood sugar levels to plummet which make the driver energy deprived. Many drivers consume alcohol at night which causes dizziness that leads to fatal accidents. Many lives are lost due to accidents caused by drowsiness. There are many papers which studied and found out the exact blink rate for drowsiness detection, but in this paper we will first study the driver’s blink rate, as it may vary from person to person, and then after learning, actions will be taken according to the driver’s learnt blink rate. This paper describes the system that monitors the blinks of the driver which can be used to detect drowsiness and prevent such fatalities. After detecting the drowsiness, we aim to alert the driver about the drowsiness using certain alarm sounds.

SISTEM INFORMASI DARURAT PADA MINI MARKET MENGGUNAKAN MIKROKONTROLER ESP8266 BERBASIS INTERNET OF THINGS

Increasing levels of crime have encouraged instrumentation and technology systems to deal with and expose crime cases. Emergency information systems on the mini market use ESP8266 microcontroller and have been built and analyzed to overcome this on the basis of the Internet of Things. Signals generated from this tool at shopping centers provide emergency information on the Website of the security unit. The results of the system test produced 3.6 seconds delay for power supply connections to NodeMcu. while the delay to calculate the Transmission (response signal) of the Security Unit, and the delay for the time the alarm sounds is 0 seconds. In this system, the website can receive information in the form of coordinate points and Minimarket addresses