The Role of Teachers and School Leaders in K-12 School Violence

While data regarding school violence are gathered on a regular basis, noticeably missing from the literature are incidents that involve violence directed toward K-12 teachers and school leaders. The scarce evidence that does exist regarding this phenomenon suggests that this population is targeted more often than one may think, and they suffer from great harm as a result of various violent behaviors such as harassment, verbal threats and intimidation, bullying, property offenses, and physical attacks. Since very little is known about violence that is directed toward K-12 teachers and school leaders, there is a significant need for more research in this area in order to provide a more comprehensive view of school violence and to develop policies and formulate effective solutions. Addressing these issues will not only allow teachers and school leaders to perform to the best of their abilities, but school environments will be safer so that learning can take place without the interruption of violence.

The Effects of the Summer All Out Foot Patrol Initiative in New York City: A Difference-in-Differences Approach

Objectives: The New York City Police Department’s “Summer All Out” (SAO) initiative was a 90- day, presence-based foot patrol program in a subset of the city’s patrol jurisdictions. Methods: We assessed the effectiveness of SAO initiative in reducing crime and gun violence using a difference-in-differences (DiD) approach. Results: Results indicate the SAO initiative was only associated with significant reductions in specific property offenses, not violent crime rates. Foot patrols did not have a strong, isolating impact on violent street crime in 2014 or 2015. Deployments on foot across expansive geographies also has a weak, negligible influence on open-air shootings. Conclusions: The findings suggest saturating jurisdictions with high-visibility foot patrols has little influence on street-level offending, with no anticipatory or persistent effects. Police departments should exercise caution in deploying foot patrols over large patrol jurisdictions.

Clinical Profile and Co-morbidities of Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder in Bangladesh

Background: Among juvenile behavior disorders, Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) are predominant ones and are of great concern because of their high degree of impairment. Materials & Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of Psychiatry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University and National Institute of Mental Health, Dhaka, during the period from August 2011 to November 2012 with sample size of 81. During data collection, semi-structured questionnaire designed by the researcher containing socio-demographic variables and Developments and Well–Being Assessment (DAWBA) – self, parent and teacher version were used. Results: Symptom profile showed that oppositional symptoms had no significant age or gender difference but aggressive symptoms, status offenses and property offenses were clearly more common among boys. Younger boys with Conduct disorder showed more aggressive symptoms, but status offense was more prevalent in older age group. Property offenses showed no age difference. Psychiatric co-morbidity was present in 48.1% respondents, among them; Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was highest (24.7%). ADHD was more prevalent in children with ODD and Major Depressive Disorder was more common in Conduct disorder. Total percentage of anxiety disorders was 14.8%. Conclusion: This was the first study in Bangladesh exploring the clinical profiles of Conduct disorder and Oppositional defiant disorder in hospital setting. Absence of control group and city based study places were the limitations of the research. J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2020; 38(1): 29-34

The Mechanism of Classifying Intellectual Property Offenses as Economic Offenses

The purpose of this article is to consider intellectual property as an object of economic crime. In the course of the study, an attempt will be made to identify certain mechanisms and patterns in economic violations, where the object of encroachment is intellectual property. As a result of studying the object of the offense as the main element of its composition in criminal, administrative and civil law, it has been concluded that these violations adversely affect the economic development of the state, as well as the global economy. The article reflects the presence of differences in the concepts of the object of the offense in accordance with the branch of law (civil, administrative and criminal law). Based on Article 147 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the authors make a conclusion on the expediency of attributing offenses, the object of which is intellectual property, to offenses committed in the economic sphere. In conclusion, the authors propose measures to toughen responsibility for economic offenses, the objects of which are intellectual property, since those lead to unfair competition. Particular attention is paid to embezzlement in relation to the result of intellectual work and the intellectual property right.

The Role of Teachers and School Leaders in K-12 School Violence

While data regarding school violence are gathered on a regular basis, noticeably missing from the literature are incidents that involve violence directed toward K-12 teachers and school leaders. The scarce evidence that does exist regarding this phenomenon suggests that this population is targeted more often than one may think, and they suffer from great harm as a result of various violent behaviors such as harassment, verbal threats and intimidation, bullying, property offenses, and physical attacks. Since very little is known about violence that is directed toward K-12 teachers and school leaders, there is a significant need for more research in this area in order to provide a more comprehensive view of school violence and to develop policies and formulate effective solutions. Addressing these issues will not only allow teachers and school leaders to perform to the best of their abilities, but school environments will be safer so that learning can take place without the interruption of violence.

Testing an Integrated Self-Control and Routine Activities Framework to Examine Malware Infection Victimization

Recent research demonstrates that those with low self-control have an increased risk of victimization due to involvement in routine activities that place them in close proximity to motivated offenders and decrease their willingness to utilize appropriate guardianship factors. This relationship is significant in predicting physical forms of victimization, though few studies have considered how this may account for property offenses, particularly forms of cybercrime which may be hidden from victims. This article explores the extent to which personal characteristics and user behaviors affect the probability of malicious software infections, a serious form of cybercrime, using the integrated routine activities and self-control theory of victimization. Using a nationally representative sample of adults in the Netherlands, this analysis found time spent on specific computer activities (e.g., downloading files) as well as low self-control increase indications of malware infection, while protection of wireless networks seems effective in preventing them.