Eddy Resolving Strategies in Turbomachinery and Peripheral Components

The successful application of eddy resolving simulations to most areas of a modern gas turbine aeroengine is considered. A coherent modeling framework is presented to address coupling challenges. A flow classification is also given. The extensive results presented are shown to be promising but many challenges remain. In the short term, the use of eddy resolving simulations should see greater use in Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) and lower-order model calibration/development—this is starting to happen already. Ideally, in the near future, RANS, large eddy simulation (LES), and test should work in harmony. It is advocated that currently, certain costly engineering design problems can be avoided or understood using scale resolving simulations.

When is an outlier not an outlier?

The tendency of the users of NIRS is to think of the composition particularly in terms of the reference data, for the prediction of which the technique is to be used. The concept and principle of NIRS analysis differ from classical chemical analysis in that NIRS is based exclusively on the spectra. Spectra are of course, derived from the chemical and physical make-up of the material, but the spectra can differ among materials that are reported as having the same chemical composition. This is particularly a factor with growing crops, and is exemplified in the article, which endorses the recommendation to take replicate samples of the same reported composition for calibration development.

Past and future of sustainable viticulture in Switzerland

Switzerland is a pioneer country in the development of integrated production (IP) and integrated pest management (IPM). The overall goal is sustainability at the ecological, economic and social level to produce high quality grapes. In 1993, the IP-IPM head-organisation VITISWISS was created. The starting points were the improvement of pest management by the biocontrol of spider mites and the control of grape berry moths by mating disruption and an optimal soil management, followed over the years by state-of-the-art sprayer calibration, development of disease forecasting models (AgroMeteo, VitiMeteo), leaf-area adapted dosage of plant protection products, enhanced biodiversity, water and cover crop management. The efforts and the results gained in a continuous education process by the growers are considerable, but not enough for consumers and politics concerned by the use of plant protection products. The absence of acaricides and insecticides as well as forecasting systems available on the internet (www.agrometeo.ch) for the control of downy and powdery mildew, represent the major progresses. Where mechanisation is possible, herbicides can progressively be replaced by mechanical technics, which is not possible in steep vineyards. The general irrational unscientific trend against “synthetic” plant protection products requests alternatives for the control of fungal diseases and for cover crop management under the vine rows to avoid excessive water-nitrogen competition particularly in the actual context of climate change.

The rolls calibration development and caliber drawings preparation with the computer software for the bent profiles production and straight-through pipes formation for laser welding

A computer program has been created for selecting the profiling route, calculating the rolls for the manufacture of bent symmetrical and asymmetric profiles of virtually any real configurations with the issuance of a complete set of drawings. The algorithm of the program is based on the mathematical model of the strip profiling process, which allows geometric and energy-strength parameters calculation. To create an algorithm for designing roll calibrations to produce curved profiles, a unified description of the shape of the profile was proposed. The left and right halves of the cross section of the profile are treated as separate sets of alternating straight sections and rounds. The configuration of each of them for one and the other profile half is entered separately, starting from the middle. For each point of conjugation (the beginning and end of the section), the coordinates, the rounding radius and the rotation angle are specified (or calculated in the future). The accepted profile shape description makes it possible to compile a general algorithm for calculating the roll calibrations of virtually any profiles, and not to develop an algorithm for each profile or group of profiles.

Development in Indirect Infra-red Determination of Milk Acetone

Milk acetone (AC) is an indicator of energy metabolism of cows and ketosis occurrence. AC result inerpretation is essential for prevention and treatment in dairy cow herds. There is necessary an effective method with reliable results. The goal was to evaluate the mid infrared method MIR–FT in terms of calibration for AC. Microdiffusion photometric (485 nm) method with salicylaldehyde as reference (RE) and MIR–FT (Lactoscope FT–IR, Delta (D); MilkoScan FT 6000 (F); Bentley (Bentley Instruments (B)) as indirect method were used. Selected (from high yielding dairy cows in early lactation) individual milk samples (MSs; n = 89) were used for MIR–FT calibration development and evaluation. Log AC correlation (r) between RE and indirect MIR–FT (D) was low (0.22,P< 0.05). The same parameter between RE and MIR–FT (F) was closer (0.589,P< 0.001; 0.632,P< 0.001 for n = 64. The artificial AC addition to milk samples had no visible effect on AC recovery by MIR–FT instruments. The AC values increased from 4.91 and 5.23 to 45.22 mg.l−1by RE. There is no possibility to prepare the AC reference samples using artificial addition for MIR–FT calibration. In dependence on possible AC evaporation (a risk of AC result reduction) during storage conditions a knowlege about AC stability in sample is important. The similar AC results were obtained after milk sampling and after 48 hours of storage under cold conditions. This is new information for analytical work.