Monitoring of regulated quarantine forest pests of the Lepidoptera series using traps

Goal. On the basis of literature data, select methods for identifying regulated quarantine forest pests using traps with pheromones, attracting baits and without them. Methods. The study was based on a search in domestic and foreign literary sources, as well as on the Internet, for data on existing methods for identifying regulated forest pests of the Lepidoptera series using traps. After completing the search, an analysis and generalization of scientific and practical literature on instrumental monitoring of regulated forest pests was carried out. Results. A comprehensive analysis of the literature data showed that the use of traps of various types and configurations is effective to identify quarantine pests of the forest, to which you can add various fillers that can attract a certain type of insect. Pheromone traps trap the target species even if the population is very low. To trap lepidoptera pests, cardboard traps of the «Delta» type, Pherocon®-2, «milk bag» traps and universal traps Uni-traps are used. The use of various traps depends on the biology of the objects under study. For each type of pest, a methodology for the use of traps and the timing of monitoring have been established. Conclusions. Analysis of literature data showed that when monitoring studied regulated forest pests for their timely detection, the most effective method is the use of traps with appropriate attractants. The use of traps makes it possible to obtain operational information about the presence of pests in a certain area, to determine their number and the need for appropriate protective measures.

Synthesis and Characteristics of Valeric Acid-Zinc Layered Hydroxide Intercalation Material for Insect Pheromone Controlled Release Formulation

A new intercalation compound of insect pheromone, valeric acid (VA), based on zinc layered hydroxide (ZLH) as host release material, was successfully prepared through coprecipitation method. The as-produced organic-inorganic nanolayered material, valerate nanohybrid, VAN, shows the formation of a new peak at lower 2θ angle with basal spacing of 19.8 Å with no ZnO reflections, which indicate that the intercalation of anion between the inorganic ZLH interlamellae was accomplished. The elemental, FTIR, and ATR analyses of the nanohybrid supported the fact that the intercalation with the percentage anion loading was calculated to be 23.0% (w/w). The thermal stability property of the resulting nanohybrid was enhanced compared to the unbound anion. Field emission scanning electron micrograph of the ZnO has a nonuniform granular structure but transforms into flake-like structure with various sizes after the intercalation process. Release kinetics of anion from the interlayer of intercalated compound exhibited a slow release behavior governed by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model at different pHs of aqueous media. The valerate anion was released from VAN with the highest release rate at pH 4. These findings provide the basis to further development of controlled release formulation for insect pheromone based on ZLH intercalation.