The use of the strain Enterococcus faecium in the technology of yogurt “Carpathian” as an ancillary culture with probiotic properties

The results of research on the technological features of the production of yogurt "Carpathian" are covered in the article. The bacterial preparation of Chr. Hansen series YoFlex Premium 1.0 (L. bulgaricus, S. thermophilus) and Creamy 1.0 (L. bulgaricus, S. thermophilus, L. rhamnosus) and strain E. faecium SB 18, which is isolated from traditional Carpathian fermented products were used to produce research yogurt samples. It was found that when the strains were used together, the microorganisms were compatible, did not show interspecific antagonism and did not inhibit the enzymatic process. Based on yogurt microorganisms and E. faecium SB 18 strain, seven prototypes of yogurt were created: № 1 (100 %) – control, Premium + Creamy; № 2 (100 %) – control, pure culture of E. faecium SB 18; №3 (100:100 %) – control, (Premium + Creamy) + E. faecium SB 18; №4 (50:50 %) – (Premium + Creamy) + Ent. faecium SB 18; № 5 (70:30 %) – (Premium + Creamy) + Ent. faecium SB 18; № 6 (80:20 %) – (Premium + Creamy) + Ent. faecium SB 18; № 7 (90:10 %) – (Premium + Creamy) + Ent. faecium SB 18. The fastest fermentation took place in sample № 1 (pH 4.78 units – 4 h), the slowest in sample №2 (pH 4.81 units – 6 h), where only pure culture of E. faecium SB 18 was used. The fermentation time in sample №3 was initially slower and then more active (pH 4.77 units – 4 h). The acidity increased more moderately in samples № 4, 5, 6, 7 for 4 h, and at the end of fermentation was 4.84 units, 4.76 units, 4.81 units. and 4.75 units. in accordance. According to organoleptic evaluation, the experimental samples were characterized by slight differences. In general, it is noted that the addition of microbial culture of E. faecium SB 18 improves the taste of yogurt. Samples № 6 and № 7 with the addition of E. faecium SB 18 strain in the amount of 20 and 10 % were noted for the best organoleptic properties. According to the score scale, the above-mentioned samples received the highest number of points – 48, out of a possible 50. The dependence of the acidity of yogurt during storage was established on the dose and composition of the bacterial preparation. It was investigated that the acidity of yogurt, which contained an additional strain of E. faecium SB 18 in the ratios of 100:100 (sample 3) and 50:50 (sample 4), tends to increase rapidly in acidity, which is associated with increased lactic acid bacteria. It was found that partial replacement of the amount of traditional yogurt leaven in the ratio of 70:30 (sample 5), 80:20 (sample 6) and 90:10 (sample 7) provides the optimal course of the enzymatic process during fermentation and storage. It was found that the use of traditional yogurt leaven YoFlex Premium 1.0 and Creamy 1.0. together with strain E. faecium SB 18 in a ratio of 80:20, provides excellent consumer properties of the product.

The Foreign Practice of Large Merger & Acquisitions in the Public Sector of the Oil and Gas Industry

Subject. The article analyzes 12 major M&A deals in the public sector of the oil and gas industry in 2000–2019. Industry indicators are measured on the basis of data from ExxonMobil, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, Occidental Petroleum, Devon Energy, Anadarko Petroleum, EOG Resources, Apache, Marathon Oil, Imperial Oil, Suncor Energy, Husky Energy, Canadian Natural Resources, Royal Dutch Shell, BP, TOTAL, Eni, Equinor (Statoil), PetroChina, Sinopec, CNOOC, Petrobras, Gasprom, Rosneft Oil Company and LUKOIL. Objectives. I study on what terms M&A are concluded in the public sector of the oil industry and analyze the approval and changes in the current premium for control over the ratio of share capital to market capitalization. The article also evaluates how the above deals influenced the market capitalization of companies. Methods. The study employs methods of statistical analysis and summarizing official annual reports on financial and business performance and news releases of major State-owned oil and gas corporations. Results. Having analyzed 12 major M&A in the public sector of the oil and gas industry comprehensively, I traced trends in terms on which such deals are concluded and determined their consequences. Conclusions and Relevance. In the public sector of the oil and gas industry, M&A are found to depend on capitalization, but also sometimes refer to the difference between the market value of assets and liabilities. In the industry, share capital control premium is noted to grow, thus exceeding half of capitalization. Therefore, the least acceptable factors include a combination of high oil prices, commensuration of companies’ capitalization, compensation for share capital and high control premium. On the contrary, market capitalization significantly improved in case of deals implying the compensation with stocks, which took placed during low oil prices.

Voting Premium in Italy: An Analysis over a 30-Year Period

We investigate the different aspects affecting the control premium by carrying out an empirical analysis on the respective in the Italian stock market since 1987 employing the Voting Premium methodology. We demonstrate how the introduction of new regulations in this field in 2012 has contributed to a substantial premium reduction. The impact of the aforementioned regulations needs to be examined within the macroeconomic setting that has distinguished the period of reference, particularly the last decade, within which the decision to raise the tax rate on financial yields needs to be contextualized.