Medllecta. Hematological Preventive Method (HPM). Part 2

A complete dynamic model of the protein and, in particular, the the enzymatic process of synthesis and degradation could significantly improve the quality of diagnosis of diseases of various etiologies at the earliest stages of their development. In this article, we describe our initial attempt to create the above model based on a radically new mathematical approach, Sense Logic [1] in terms of enzymatic kinetics.

The use of the strain Enterococcus faecium in the technology of yogurt “Carpathian” as an ancillary culture with probiotic properties

The results of research on the technological features of the production of yogurt "Carpathian" are covered in the article. The bacterial preparation of Chr. Hansen series YoFlex Premium 1.0 (L. bulgaricus, S. thermophilus) and Creamy 1.0 (L. bulgaricus, S. thermophilus, L. rhamnosus) and strain E. faecium SB 18, which is isolated from traditional Carpathian fermented products were used to produce research yogurt samples. It was found that when the strains were used together, the microorganisms were compatible, did not show interspecific antagonism and did not inhibit the enzymatic process. Based on yogurt microorganisms and E. faecium SB 18 strain, seven prototypes of yogurt were created: № 1 (100 %) – control, Premium + Creamy; № 2 (100 %) – control, pure culture of E. faecium SB 18; №3 (100:100 %) – control, (Premium + Creamy) + E. faecium SB 18; №4 (50:50 %) – (Premium + Creamy) + Ent. faecium SB 18; № 5 (70:30 %) – (Premium + Creamy) + Ent. faecium SB 18; № 6 (80:20 %) – (Premium + Creamy) + Ent. faecium SB 18; № 7 (90:10 %) – (Premium + Creamy) + Ent. faecium SB 18. The fastest fermentation took place in sample № 1 (pH 4.78 units – 4 h), the slowest in sample №2 (pH 4.81 units – 6 h), where only pure culture of E. faecium SB 18 was used. The fermentation time in sample №3 was initially slower and then more active (pH 4.77 units – 4 h). The acidity increased more moderately in samples № 4, 5, 6, 7 for 4 h, and at the end of fermentation was 4.84 units, 4.76 units, 4.81 units. and 4.75 units. in accordance. According to organoleptic evaluation, the experimental samples were characterized by slight differences. In general, it is noted that the addition of microbial culture of E. faecium SB 18 improves the taste of yogurt. Samples № 6 and № 7 with the addition of E. faecium SB 18 strain in the amount of 20 and 10 % were noted for the best organoleptic properties. According to the score scale, the above-mentioned samples received the highest number of points – 48, out of a possible 50. The dependence of the acidity of yogurt during storage was established on the dose and composition of the bacterial preparation. It was investigated that the acidity of yogurt, which contained an additional strain of E. faecium SB 18 in the ratios of 100:100 (sample 3) and 50:50 (sample 4), tends to increase rapidly in acidity, which is associated with increased lactic acid bacteria. It was found that partial replacement of the amount of traditional yogurt leaven in the ratio of 70:30 (sample 5), 80:20 (sample 6) and 90:10 (sample 7) provides the optimal course of the enzymatic process during fermentation and storage. It was found that the use of traditional yogurt leaven YoFlex Premium 1.0 and Creamy 1.0. together with strain E. faecium SB 18 in a ratio of 80:20, provides excellent consumer properties of the product.

The rhodopsin-retinochrome system for retinal re-isomerization predates the origin of cephalopod eyes

Background The process of photoreception in most animals depends on the light induced isomerization of the chromophore retinal, bound to rhodopsin. To re-use retinal, the all-trans-retinal form needs to be re-isomerized to 11-cis-retinal, which can be achieved in different ways. In vertebrates, this mostly includes a stepwise enzymatic process called the visual cycle. The best studied re-isomerization system in protostomes is the rhodopsin-retinochrome system of cephalopods, which consists of rhodopsin, the photoisomerase retinochrome and the protein RALBP functioning as shuttle for retinal. In this study we investigate the expression of the rhodopsin-retinochrome system and functional components of the vertebrate visual cycle in a polyplacophoran mollusk, Leptochiton asellus, and examine the phylogenetic distribution of the individual components in other protostome animals. Results Tree-based orthology assignments revealed that orthologs of the cephalopod retinochrome and RALBP are present in mollusks outside of cephalopods. By mining our dataset for vertebrate visual cycle components, we also found orthologs of the retinoid binding protein RLBP1, in polyplacophoran mollusks, cephalopods and a phoronid. In situ hybridization and antibody staining revealed that L. asellus retinochrome is co-expressed in the larval chiton photoreceptor cells (PRCs) with the visual rhodopsin, RALBP and RLBP1. In addition, multiple retinal dehydrogenases are expressed in the PRCs, which might also contribute to the rhodopsin-retinochrome system. Conclusions We conclude that the rhodopsin-retinochrome system is a common feature of mollusk PRCs and predates the origin of cephalopod eyes. Our results show that this system has to be extended by adding further components, which surprisingly, are shared with vertebrates.

Mass Balance Analysis of Bioethanol Production from Petai Peel (Parkia speciosa) through Enzymatic Process

The consumption of fuel for transportation is increasing during the last decade. Bioethanol is one of the renewable energy has a good opportunity to be applied when the lack of fossil fuel. Bioethanol is derived from the lignocellulose substance through a fermentation process. In this research, the lignocellulose came from the petai peel (Parkia speciosa). The peel was hydrolyzed using an enzyme and continuously fermented for 5 days. The aim of this research is to analyst the mass balance of the bioethanol production from petai peel (Parkia speciosa) through the enzymatic process. The enzyme used in this research are alfa amylase (10 ml) and glucoamylase (10 ml), also Saccharomyces cerevisiae used in the fermentation process. The result shows that the initial material of petai peel was 57 grams will produce bioethanol around 14 grams.

Development of a New Screen-Printed Transducer for the Electrochemical Detection of Thiram

A new transducer based on a screen-printed carbon electrode has been developed for the quantification of thiram. Detection of this fungicide is based on the performance of two enzymes: (1) aldehyde dehydrogenase catalyzes the aldehyde oxidation using NAD+ as a cofactor and simultaneously, (2) diaphorase reoxidizes the NADH formed in the first enzymatic process due to the presence of hexacyanoferrate(III) which is reduced to hexacyanoferrate(II). Taking into account that aldehyde dehydrogenase is inhibited by thiram, the current decreases with pesticide concentration and thiram can be electrochemically quantified below legal limits. The transducer proposed in this work involves the modification of the carbon WE with the co-factors (NAD+ and hexacyanoferrate(III)) required in the enzymatic system. The new device employed in this work allows the detection of 0.09 ppm thiram, a concentration below legal limits (Maximum Residue Limits 0.1–10 ppm).

Collagen-based biomaterials with possible therapeutic effects

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a rare, serious genetic disease, incurable through the current means. Apart from this initial definition, there was later some ease in the definition of the disease, including the manifestations of toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens Johnson syndrome in this entity. In medical practice, there are cases that do not overlap with the description in the literature, thus the treatment must be adapted and personalized to the particularities. We present the case of a female new-born, with "de novo" mutation for the early-onset antenatal epidermolysis and our personalized therapeutic management, based on collagen from bovine corneas by enzymatic process. The histological examination showed that the collagen membranes serve as a support for the epithelial cells that formed a surface monolayer after 48 hours. Therefore. this case report shows that collagen-based biomaterials could be used to accelerate the dermal-epidermal healing in various conditions of the child, such as Stevens Johnson syndrome, bullous epidermolysis and widespread burns.

Development of a Digital Twin for Enzymatic Hydrolysis Processes

Enzymatic hydrolysis processes can be used to produce organic nutrient media from renewable raw materials. However, many of these processes are not optimally designed, so expensive enzymes and substrates are wasted. Mathematical models and Digital Twins (DTs) are powerful tools, which can be used to optimize bioprocesses and, thus, increase the yield of the desired products. Individual enzymatic hydrolysis processes have already been modeled, but models for the combined starch hydrolysis and proteolysis, or DTs, are not available yet. Therefore, an easily adaptable, dynamic, and mechanistic mathematical model representing the kinetics of the enzymatic hydrolysis process of the combined starch hydrolysis and proteolysis was developed and parameterized using experimental data. The model can simulate the starch hydrolysis process with an agreement of over 90% and the proteolysis process with an agreement of over 85%. Subsequently, this model was implemented into an existing DT of a 20 L stirred tank reactor (STR). Since the DT cannot only map the kinetics of the enzymatic process, but also the STR with the associated periphery (pumps, heating jacket, etc.), it is ideally suited for future process control strategy development and thus for the optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis processes.

Bleeding Disorders in Primary Fibrinolysis

Fibrinolysis is a complex enzymatic process aimed at dissolving blood clots to prevent vascular occlusions. The fibrinolytic system is composed of a number of cofactors that, by regulating fibrin degradation, maintain the hemostatic balance. A dysregulation of fibrinolysis is associated with various pathological processes that result, depending on the type of abnormality, in prothrombotic or hemorrhagic states. This narrative review is focused on the congenital and acquired disorders of primary fibrinolysis in both adults and children characterized by a hyperfibrinolytic state with a bleeding phenotype.

Towards a Practical, Non-enzymatic Process for Molnupiravir from Cytidine

A scalable four step synthesis of molnupiravir from cytidine is described herein. The attractiveness of this approach is its fully chemical nature involving inexpensive reagents and more environmentally friendly solvents such as water, isopropanol, acetonitrile and acetone. Isolation and purification procedures are improved in comparison to our earlier report, as all intermediates can be isolated via aqueous acid treatment and recrystallization. The key steps in the synthesis, namely ester formation, hydroxamination and deprotection were done on multigram scale to afford molnupiravir in 36-41% yield with average purity of 98 wt% by q-NMR and 99 area % by HPLC