CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL TEXT IN THE STRUCTURES OF FOREGROUNDING

The foregrounding of the text goes from a potential, not yet existing text to its relevance. In this march, the philosopher coincides with the philosophical text. This coincidence can be called a fore-text, which allows you to "enter" a philosophical text. The Internet considers hypertext as an informational formless set of texts, which is predetermined for the subject. The posed problem concerns the possibility of the presence of the subject in a digital hypertext. The aim of the study is to set the philosophical text as a concept, showing the subjectivation of the text with the help of the developed concept of a fore-text. To achieve the expected result, it is necessary to consider the history of philosophy as a chronological coherent sequence of texts, which is assumed as a context or common meaning. The problem is complicated by the fact that a single history of philosophy does not exist in digital space. It resides as a plurality of authors' histories of philosophy. The "introduction," "preface," etc. to a philosopher's text then becomes a "substitute" for the lost context. The development of the subjectivity of philosophy shows that the fore-text becomes the text itself. This development corresponds to the conceptualization of philosophy and its liberation from the authority of antiquity as traditionalism. Under the conditions of virtual reality and hypertext information, only conceptualization preserves the human in man - thinking. The author of the article poses the questions: "So what have we lost by asserting the end of the history of philosophy? Isn't the "new" pre-structure of the philosophical text the actualized "hyper-conceptual" space of the Internet?"

Recursive and Convergence Methodology of the Investment Management of the Enterprise Digitalization Processes

The article investigates the problems of the investment management digital transformations at the enterprise, where the instrumental basis based on the system economic theory and integrated IT risk management theory are allocated. The purpose of the study is to develop a recursive and convergence methodology of the investment management of the enterprise digitalization processes. The components of the process of investment digitalization of enterprises are structurally reflected and a deterministic 5-component model of developing a recursive and convergence management methodology based on the digital economy is formed. It is determined that the recursive and conversion methodology is based on the understanding of investment management digital transformations at an enterprise as a complex system, characterized primarily by the diversity and heterogeneity of the constituent elements, numerous internal and external connections, which causes a variety of their interaction, changes in the composition and state of the system. The recursive model provides management of the investment of digitalization in the enterprise as a sequential transition between processes of one level only after all the cycles provided for the current process are implemented. However, such a coherent sequence is possible at the expense of effective information support of each process, which should be implemented on a convergence basis. The precondition for its implementation in the field of digital technologies is civilizational development, consequences of globalization and digitalization.

COMMUNICATIVE ROLE OF IMPERATIVE SENTENCE IN THE DIALOGUE

The purpose of the paper is to give a detailed description of the features of the communicative environment of the English imperative sentence in dialogical communication. The subject of the research is the imperative sentence surrounded by the other functional types of sentences that are realized in a certain com-municative environment of English dialogical speech. The research methodology includes structural – semantic, context – situational, presuppositional and communicative – pragmatic analyzes. Realization of the intention of imperative sen-tences and the achievement of a perlocutionary effect occurs in the appropriate com-municative environment. It regulates, along with linguistic and extralinguistic factors, the type, the degree of realization of the intention of the imperative sentence as a direct speech act. The communicative environment of these utterances in verbal communication is typified and presupposes the inclusion in it of a certain set of functional types of statements in the sequence of their speech implementation. There is a direct correlation between the communicative environment, the position of the imperative sentences in it and the realization of the imperative intention. Imperative statements, entering a certain communicative environment, being surrounded by the other, similar utterances, declarative, interrogative, emotional, are not simply included in their environment, but form an integral piece of text, a coherent sequence of statements, where the place of each one is functionally defined. Therefore, the nature of the leading intention of the communicative context depends not only on its perlocutionary force, but also largely depends on the interaction of all components of the dialogical entity. In most cases, the function of an interrogative statement in the communicative situation of imperativeness is reduced to narrowing or concretizing the topic of conversation, or to strengthening of unambiguous intentions. Although in some cases the question, being a direct speech act, performs the main function in the implementation of the communicative intention of the speaker, it forms the basis of a complex of statements. The function of an emotive communicative unit was considered in communicative linguistics and earlier, but not as a function of the component of an imperative utterance, therefore we note that an emotive part of the dialogue not only emotionally colors the entire communicative move, but also gives the imperative component a great perlocutionary force. Practical implications of the results of the paper is in the possibility of their use in optimization of the dialogical communication of students of foreign language faculties, in the lectures on theoretical and communicative grammar and functional stylistics, in the organization of lecture courses and special seminars on the theory of dialogue. Value / originality. The English imparetive sentence is analyzed from the point of view of its implementation in a communicative environment, the character of functioning in a certain environment is investigated, which helps to realize the intention of the imperativeness.

CATH: increased structural coverage of functional space

CATH (https://www.cathdb.info) identifies domains in protein structures from wwPDB and classifies these into evolutionary superfamilies, thereby providing structural and functional annotations. There are two levels: CATH-B, a daily snapshot of the latest domain structures and superfamily assignments, and CATH+, with additional derived data, such as predicted sequence domains, and functionally coherent sequence subsets (Functional Families or FunFams). The latest CATH+ release, version 4.3, significantly increases coverage of structural and sequence data, with an addition of 65,351 fully-classified domains structures (+15%), providing 500 238 structural domains, and 151 million predicted sequence domains (+59%) assigned to 5481 superfamilies. The FunFam generation pipeline has been re-engineered to cope with the increased influx of data. Three times more sequences are captured in FunFams, with a concomitant increase in functional purity, information content and structural coverage. FunFam expansion increases the structural annotations provided for experimental GO terms (+59%). We also present CATH-FunVar web-pages displaying variations in protein sequences and their proximity to known or predicted functional sites. We present two case studies (1) putative cancer drivers and (2) SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Finally, we have improved links to and from CATH including SCOP, InterPro, Aquaria and 2DProt.

Second Movement of Compartment 2, Car 7 for Vibraphone, Violin, Viola and Cello by Paweł Szymański in Light of Cognitive Musical Grammar

The article is composed of two parts. In the first I discuss Lawrence Zbikowski’s Foundations of Musical Grammar, published by Oxford University Press in 2017, which is one of the major musicological works inspired by the latest achievements in cognitive science. Musical grammar, sometimes called cognitive musical grammar by the author, is based mainly on two concepts: an analogy (the mapping of systematic structural relationships between a source domain and a target domain), and a dynamic process (a coherent sequence of phenomena that is distributed over time and typified by parametric modulation or change). The second part of the article is my attempt to apply Zbikowski’s theory to a piece of music. As a musical example I have chosen the second movement of Compartment 2, Car 7 for vibraphone, violin, viola and cello by Paweł Szymański. At the end I conclude that the composer created an analogy between music and a dynamic process known to us from everyday life ─ a journey by train, seen from a passenger’s perspective.

Brain computation by assemblies of neurons

Assemblies are large populations of neurons believed to imprint memories, concepts, words and other cognitive information. We identify a repertoire of operations on assemblies. These operations correspond to properties of assemblies observed in experiments, and can be shown, analytically and through simulations, to be realizable by generic, randomly connected populations of neurons with Hebbian plasticity and inhibition. Operations on assemblies include: projection (duplicating an assembly by creating a new assembly in a downstream brain area); reciprocal projection (a variant of projection also entailing synaptic connectivity from the newly created assembly to the original one); association (increasing the overlap of two assemblies in the same brain area to reflect cooccurrence or similarity of the corresponding concepts); merge (creating a new assembly with ample synaptic connectivity to and from two existing ones); and pattern-completion (firing of an assembly, with some probability, in response to the firing of some but not all of its neurons). Our analytical results establishing the plausibility of these operations are proved in a simplified mathematical model of cortex: a finite set of brain areas each containing n excitatory neurons, with random connectivity that is both recurrent (within an area) and afferent (between areas). Within one area and at any time, only k of the n neurons fire — an assumption that models inhibition and serves to define both assemblies and areas — while synaptic weights are modified by Hebbian plasticity, as well as homeostasis. Importantly, all neural apparatus needed for the functionality of the assembly operations is created on the fly through the randomness of the synaptic network, the selection of the k neurons with the highest synaptic input, and Hebbian plasticity, without any special neural circuits assumed to be in place. Assemblies and their operations constitute a computational model of the brain which we call the Assembly Calculus, occupying a level of detail intermediate between the level of spiking neurons and synapses, and that of the whole brain. As with high-level programming languages, a computation in the Assembly Calculus (that is, a coherent sequence of assembly operations accomplishing a task) can ultimately be reduced — “compiled down” — to computation by neurons and synapses; however, it would be far more cumbersome and opaque to represent the same computation that way. The resulting computational system can be shown, under assumptions, to be in principle capable of carrying out arbitrary computations. We hypothesize that something like it may underlie higher human cognitive functions such as reasoning, planning, and language. In particular, we propose a plausible brain architecture based on assemblies for implementing the syntactic processing of language in cortex, which is consistent with recent experimental results.

Segmentation of Speech

Spoken language is typically produced in a continuous stream, with the realization of phonemes influenced by adjacent sounds (coarticulation) and few silent boundaries between words. Despite these problems of variability and continuity, listeners generally perceive speech as a coherent sequence of discrete words. Understanding the segmentation process has entailed a search for fundamental units of speech perception, notably the syllable, and led to an understanding of the critical importance of word recognition, with segmentation often achieved implicitly when hearing our native languages in clear listening conditions. However, in first and second language acquisition, or when speech quality is compromised, a range of general and language-specific cues to the location of word boundaries are exploited by listeners, including intonation, timing, allophony, vowel harmony, lexical stress, and phonotactic regularities. Indeed, for infants learning their first languages, such cues may be hyperarticulated in adults’ infant-directed speech, thereby facilitating segmentation and hence vocabulary development.

A MODELING APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS’ INFORMAL INFERENTIAL REASONING

Teaching from an informal statistical inference perspective can address the challenge of teaching statistics in a coherent way. We argue that activities that promote model-based reasoning address two additional challenges: providing a coherent sequence of topics and promoting the application of knowledge to novel situations. We take a models and modeling perspective as a framework for designing and implementing an instructional sequence of model development tasks focused on developing primary students’ generalized models for drawing informal inferences when comparing two sets of data. This study was conducted with 26 Year 5 students (ages 10-11). Our study provides empirical evidence for how a modeling perspective can bring together lines of research that hold potential for the teaching and learning of inferential reasoning. First published November 2017 at Statistics Education Research Journal Archives