Mowa niezależna wprowadzana przez iże w staropolskich apokryfach. Perspektywa źródłowa

W polszczyźnie średniowiecznej widoczny jest pewien etap pośredni w procesie kształtowania się mowy zależnej. W tekstach pojawiają się konstrukcje mieszane, w których spójnik że (iż/iże) wyrażający relację podrzędną, typowy dla wprowadzania mowy zależnej, wprowadza mowę niezależną. W artykule analizuję relację tych konstrukcji do źródeł łacińskich na przykładzie staropolskich apokryfów. Pojawiają się często tam, gdzie w danym miejscu w tekście źródłowych obecne były konstrukcje obce językowi polskiemu, jak ACI, a także gdy przytoczenie w źródle było wprowadzone przez quia, które mogło wprowadzać mowę zależną i niezależną lub być częścią samego przytoczenia jako partykuła. Konstrukcje mieszane pojawiają się też tam, gdzie granica kompilacji przebiegała właśnie w miejscu wprowadzania przytoczenia. Problemem dla staropolskich autorów było też przenikanie się poziomów fabuły i rzeczywistości pozafabularnej. Direct speech introduced by iże in Old Polish apocrypha. A source perspective Summary: An intermediate stage of the formation of reported speech can be observed in the Old Polish period. Polish medieval texts include mixed constructions in which the conjunction że (iż/iże), expressing a subordinate relation and typically introducing reported speech, introduces direct speech. Using Old Polish ROBIŃSKAapocrypha as the source of data, the paper examines the relation between these constructions and Latin sources. The analysed constructions often appear in places where in the source text there were constructions unknown to the Polish language, such as Accusativus cum infinitivo, or where the quotation in the source text was introduced by a quia that could introduce indirect and indirect speech or be, as a particle, part of the quotation itself. Mixed constructs also appear in places where the compilation boundary coincides with the introduction of a quotation. Another problem for Old Polish authors was the overlapping of the levels of the plot and the nonfiction reality.

Семантическая обусловленность структуры конструкций с глаголами речи

Introduction. Explanatory constructions in the Buryat language, namely, those with verbs of speech as their main predicate, have not been studied in detail so far. Their systematic study involves a detailed analysis of both the semantics of the predicate of the main clause and the structure of the entire construction. The purpose of the article was to identify the correlation between the semantics of verbs of speech and the structural type of constructions. For the purpose, it was necessary i) to identify the group of verbs of speech, ii) to make an inventory of the structures in question, iii) to identify their structural types and specific characteristics, iv) to distribute verbs of speech according to structural types, and v) to study the interdependence between the semantics of verbs and the types of constructions. Original literary texts of the Buryat electronic corps served as material for the study. Linguistic observation, description, component analysis, and structural modeling were used as methods of the analysis. Research results. Buryat explanatory clauses are of the three structural types: participial, participial with postpositions, and bifinite constructions. Each of them specializes in expressing information of a particular level of abstraction: bifinite constructions introduce direct speech; participial constructions with the accusative case of the dependent predicate convey indirect speech; participial constructions with postpositions name the theme. As the analysis of the distribution of verbs of speech by structural types shows, verbs with semantics suggesting a long speech act like ‘to tell’ are more often used in bifinite and postpositional constructions. Those with the meaning of a short speech act, or of the type ‘to add’, implement the valence of the speech in constructions with direct speech and conjunction gezhe. Verbs of speech that differ in their role in communication, for example, asuu-, hura- (ask), implement the valence of the speech in bifinite constructions with gezhe and participles in the accusative case. The author concluded that the structure of the constructions under study is largely dependent on the semantics of the verbs of speech.

Ivan Karamazov as a Philosophical Type—but which one?

The article analyses a set of philosophical statements made by and attributed to Ivan Karamazov in Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov, in order to answer the question as to what kind of philosophy Ivan may be said to express in the novel. My close reading reveals that there is a significant distinction between, on the one hand, Ivan's most radical statements, that is his rational egoism and the idea that "everything is permitted," which are always given in reported speech, and on the other the “Ivan of direct speech,” a character characterized by far more moral sensibility (e.g. in the Pro et contra part). On the basis of these findings the article seeks to bring together two traditions in the reception of Dostoevsky—the philosophical and the narratological. By letting these approaches inform one another I suggest ways in which the structural organization of the text is itself a bearer of philosophical meaning. Moreover, the article takes seriously Bakhtin's claim that Dostoevsky's heroes are not merely stable representations of ideas, but engage with them through dialogue and encounters with others, as exemplified by Ivan Karamazov himself as well as by other characters' responses to his articulations.

Studying the Fifty Seven and the Fifty Eight Verse from Surah Alaraf in the Light of Text Attribution

Attribution is considered as one of the means which helps to improve speech for it avoids the text from being scattered by gathering its parts and giving it cohesion and coherence. The research is built on studying the fifty seven and the fifty eight verse from surah Alaraf in the light of text Attribution and this required three demands the first one is showing the opinions of the explainers and the second is studying the means of text casting while the third demand was represented in the significance of the word (all). The most important results this study reached is that there was no use of pronoun with transference from third person singular into direct speech but instead of that this example shows returning to the speech of one of the addressee who is the prophet of god Mousses and also showed the effect of attribution in revealing interpreters opinions which was not shown before.

Regular and Irregular Variable Questions in New Testament Greek

The formation of variable questions in direct speech is remarkably regular in Hellenistic Greek. There are, however, a few exceptions to the standard rule that the Greek New Testament exhibits. These exceptions occur for rhetorical and social reasons and in such a way that they affect the information structure and meaning of these interrogatives. Questions that follow the rule—and the exceptions—both evidence the regularity of word order in New Testament Greek.

Principles of the Translation of “The Tale of the Merchant”

The article is devoted to some principles of the translation of “The Tale of the Merchant” at the end of the 17th century, which realization is introduced on the functioning of pronouns. Adaptive and descriptive translation are widely spread in the text. Both techniques realize 1) in the observance of the book register, which supposes realization of the ternary opposition of demonstrative pronouns “sej / toj / onyj” and 2) in replacement of number category of personal pronouns in the direct speech. The article also consider features of the functioning of pronouns and pronoun constructions, in particular, with the enclitics “že” and the principles of introducing new characters into the narrative.

Penggunaan Tindak Tutur Direktif Mahasiswa Multikultural dalam Konteks Kesantunan

This study aims to reveal the use of directive speech acts of multicultural students studying in Malang City in the context of politeness. Qualitative descriptive is the method used in this study. Five tribes are the subject of this research, namely Java, Sumba, Flores, Dayak, and Madura. Data were collected using questionnaires, interviews, and observations. The data obtained were analyzed based on how they used directive demand speech act in different situations in the realm of family, friendship, and school and how they minimized the FTA that might occur when facing different speech partners. The results of this study indicate that from the four aspects that become the parameters of this study, multicultural students in using directive speech acts have the following pattern. In the aspect of direct/indirect speech acts, in three different domains, all multicultural students use direct speech acts and the honorific aspect. The use of hedge aspects is more widely used in the campus domain. Meanwhile, in the aspect of speech level, only Javanese and Madurese students use it.

Asindetske rečenice kao jezičko-stilska dominanta pripovijedaka Jovana Radulovića

The paper pinpoints and describes asyndetic sentences as the linguistic and stylistic dominant of Jovan Radulović’s short stories. The analysis was primarily syntac- tic-semantic, because its goal was to single out and describe the basic structural-semantic models of asyndetic sentences in Radulović’s literary work. The method of analysis was analytical-synthetic. The analysis of asyndetic sentences in Jovan Radulović’s short stories greatly chang- es the view on the syntactic-semantic and stylistic status of these sentences in the language in general, and in the literary-artistic style in particular. Namely, Jovan Radulović shows originality and innovation by creating as many as five structural-semantic types of asyndetic sentences. Thus Radulović forms asyndetic sentences: 1) whose clauses combine narrative and direct speech as the speech of literary characters, 2) whose clauses combine narrative and free indirect speech, 3) whose clauses represent sentences of different functional goal or purpose, 4) which combine clauses expressed by predicate and non-verbal statements, and 5) whose asyndetic clauses allow“insertion” into the structure of another asyndetic clause. And it is exactly these types that represent the main argument that asyndetic sentences are structured according to the principles of the (bound) text, and not according to the princi- ples of a complex sentence. The analysis also showed that Jovan Radulović often includes a syndetic clause in the structure of polyclause asyndetic sentences in the mesophoric or epiphoric position for semantic and / or stylistic reasons, thus forming an asyndetic-syndetic sentence, which represents a comparative basis for declaring asyndetic sentences as a stylistic device. The analysis also showed that Jovan Radulović uses three orthographic signs for syntactic delimitation of clauses without conjuntions in the asyndetic sentence, namely commas, dashes and semicolons, where the comma is the most common and structurally- stylistically unmarked sign, while dash and semicolon are always used intentionally: for a special or structural or semantic, or stylistic emphasis on the role of one of the clauses within the whole asyndetic sentence.

Predicados de comunicação em português europeu: nominalizações e nomes autónomos

This paper provides an overview of the verbal and noun predicates involving the concept of communication and their distribution in the lexicon‑grammar of European Portuguese. Two key concepts are used: (i) the agent‑speaker semantic role (and other related roles, such as message, and addressee), associated with the subject syntactic slot of these predicates; and (ii) the possibility of the verb to enter a verbum dicendi construction, i.e., introducing direct speech