MENTAL CONSTRUCT “MEANDER” AS A UNIVERSAL PROTOTYPICAL SYMBOL IN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE

In this article, the mental construct "meander" is described from the standpoint of cognitive science and the theory of sign systems, it is considered as a universal prototypical symbol in language and culture. "Meander" is qualified as a deep sign, the mental fields of which are actualized by universal metaphorically structured images. Being an ambivalent "universal" Word, the "meander" in its deep structuring is objectified by mental fields of both positive and negative connotations. Based on the well-known position of Yu. S. Stepanov, according to which language as a construct and it consists of a core, social and mental shells, we were able to not only analyze and describe, but also to show the deep nature and potential capabilities of the prototypical symbol of the "meander". No less important for this work is the thesis that language is "a system capable of generating an infinite number of texts". "Meander" is characterized by a complex system of symbols, in which each element carries deep meanings and senses. Understanding the complexity of the prototypical symbol system, it should be noted that the study of such a scientific object as a "meander" should not be limited only from the position of linguistic disciplines. At the same time, "Meander" is attributed to both a stereotype and a prototypical symbol, since both concepts are associated with the content side of language and culture, that is, they are understood as mental constructs that correlate with the picture of the world. The purpose of this article is to describe the multi-component mental construct "meander" from the point of view of its deep structuring. “Meander” as a “stereotype” and a prototypical symbol incorporates the meanings of language and culture, and therefore is understood as a mental construct that adequately reflects the linguistic image of the world. "Stereotypes" and "prototypical symbols", to which we also refer the mental construct "meander", are transmitted by cognitive mechanisms, and, accordingly, are verbalized by one or another sense and meaning. Since the "meander" is a deep abstract prototypical symbol, it is able not only to combine many similar forms of the same object, but also to structure abstract connotative images that are categorized at a deep level. And in this sense, "Meander" is considered by us both as a prototypical symbol, and as a stereotype, and as a pattern, since it is structured according to a model that is often repeated. The results of the analysis showed that the universal, "common human" symbol "meander" is a deeply structured mental construction objectified by meanings and meanings in languages and cultures.

PROBLEMS OF TEACHING UKRAINIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

The subject of the study is the relationship between the methodology of teaching the Ukrainian language as a foreign language and phraseological material, which activates the various levels involved in mastering the linguistic base, namely motivation, memory, cognition and others. The article deals with the problem of bilingualism in Ukraine, considers the problems of teaching foreign students the Ukrainian language in terms of partial bilingual everyday communication, suggests ways to solve these problems. The classification of modern strategies used in language learning is considered. We also considered the advantages of the communicative-cognitive approach to learning the Ukrainian language. The research methodology consists of theoretical and practical principles of observation, recording and evaluation of activities in the system of teacher – students, taking into account the different conditions of linguistic and non-linguistic reality. The purpose of the study is to clarify the peculiarities of the use of phraseological units in the framework of work with foreign students, taking into account the bilingual situation in some parts of Ukraine. The article deals too with linguistic and methodological aspects of the study of phraseological units concerning with the work at the lessons of Russian as a foreign language. Phraseological units possess aesthetic value, so it is often included to the training material. The interpretation of them occurs on pretextual work level. The actual material of the article has about 50 different levels of language units, the selection of idioms was carried out in the presence of words with temporal meaning. An idiom is a linear sequence, representing the aesthetic value thanks to the meaning hidden in it. Words, in idiomatic expressions, creating a special sense, come in a variety of relationships – synonymic, antonymic, of kind and type ones etc. Inside the words can occur shifts of meanings such as metaphorical, metonymic. The syntax structure of idioms can be different from a phrase to sentences with different punctuation. Learning understanding and practical usage of Russian phraseological units lead to the development of students not only objective semantic and associative evaluation of the various acts or objects, but also to the ability to implement the same idea through units of different levels of language and speech formulas, which are composed of elements with imagery. The conclusion of the study. We have considered the classification of modern strategies used in the study of Ukrainian as a foreign language. The advantages of communicative-cognitive approach to learning the Ukrainian language are described. Practice shows that motivation and mnemonic techniques are important in learning. The phraseological layer of vocabulary is a very important culturological factor in the process of learning a foreign language. We can see further prospects of our research in a detailed consideration of all the tools of communicative-cognitive approach to the study of language as a foreign language.

THE LINGUISTIC AND STYLISTIC ASPECT OF THE LEXICAL SYNONYMICS (ON THE MATERIAL OF MODERN UKRAINIAN FEMALE PROSE)

This paper is the first complex research of lexical synonyms as components of the artistic discourse of modern Ukrainian female prose introduced into the field of semantic, linguistic and stylistic analysis. The scientific novelty of the paper is that for the first time in linguistic and Ukrainian studies the lexical synonymy in modern Ukrainian female prose is comprehensively explored, as a result of which the semantic, linguistic and stylistic features of synonyms are clarified. The study proves that in the analyzed works lexical synonyms, which express the idiolects of modern Ukrainian female prose writers and constitute a set of expressive and imaging marking means of their language creation, represent a number of semantic, linguistic-stylistic, categories. Which allows interpreting them not only in the functional-semantic context but also within linguostylistics. Modern Ukrainian female prose in Ukrainian literature is the latest holistic socio-cultural phenomenon is represented by the works of such authors as Emma Andiievska, Sophiia Andrukhovych, Nina Bichui, Liuko Dashvar, Oksana Zabuzhko, Kateryna Kalytko, Irena Karpa, Yevhenii Kononenko, Maria Matios and others. In the paper it is proved that word convergences appear in the literary text because of the special purpose, the purpose set by the authors, therefore they become striking representatives of idiolects of separate masters of prose. In the paper a detailed analysis of lexical synonyms is carried out, which in the artistic discourse of modern Ukrainian female prose perform a number of basic and additional functions, among which are: functions of differentiation, substitution, aesthetics, synonymic opposition, etc. Using lexical synonyms in different contexts, prose female writers always carefully weigh the semantic nuances of each word, thus achieving the expressiveness, sophistication and high aesthetic value of their literature.

RELATING TO THE SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPT HUMAN IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE PHRASEOLOGICAL FIELD

The language is able to provide information about the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the objective world in the conceptual system of a person. Within the framework of the field approach, which is used in the work, the meanings that construct the associative component of the concept are analyzed, since it is iso-morphic to the lexical-semantic field that represents it. The section presents the fea-tures of the inner world of a person through the analysis of the semantics of phraseological units. The relevance of the study is due to the need to study and describe the concept of a person in phraseology from the standpoint of the anthropological paradigm of linguistics. The subject of scientific analysis is the concept of a person, verbalized in the phraseology of the Russian language. The methodological basis of the work is an anthropocentric approach to the study of the content of linguistic phenomena, which necessitates the use of linguistic, cognitive and culturological methods of analyzing linguistic material in the dialectical unity. The authors set a goal - to describe the characterological features of the concept under study, the way of their manifestation as a means of reflecting the image of a person. It is shown that anthropocentrically nominative phraseological units in pragmatic terms act as semiotic regulators, fixing and reflecting in a figurative-symbolic form a model of human behavior, features of his appearance, character traits, traditions and customs of the people, a system of assessments of everything that forms the phraseological space of a person. The process of phraseological nomination of a person is based on phraseological rethinking. One of the most important characteristics of a phraseological unit for designating a person is semantic motivation, since phraseological units are linguistic signs formed as a result of a secondary nomination. As a mental phenomenon, language is assigned the role of one of the methods of coding known forms of cognition: both sensory (perception, sensation, representation) and rational (judgments, concepts, conclusions). It is shown that the mentality of the people is actualized in the most significant linguistic concepts of culture, the main task of which is to reflect national priorities and ideals. The content of the concept of a person includes not only actual perceived semantic components associated with a word (phraseological unit), but also signs that reflect the general information base about a person, his knowledge of an object or phenomenon. It is brought that the phraseological concept is a discrete, semantic volumetric unit of thinking or memory, which reflects the culture of the people, and the meaning is part of the concept; concept refers to cognitive consciousness, and meanings refer to linguistic consciousness.

CAT AND DOG CONCEPTS AS COMPONENTS OF THE ENGLISH WORLDVIEW

The subject of the study is the linguistic objectification of the concepts of CAT and DOG in lexicographic sources, due to the national culture and mentality of English speakers (The British). The paper aims at identifying the objectification features of CAT and DOG concepts in the British linguoculture. The significance of CAT and DOG concepts is motivated by the degree of verbal explication and their value in English culture. In our work, the reconstruction of English world view fragments, marked by CAT and DOG concepts, was carried out on the material of lexical units. The purpose and problem is due to the use of the following methods: general scientific (abstraction, generalization, formalization, induction, deduction), empirical-theoretical (analysis, synthesis) and special (lexical-semantic analysis – to clarify the semantic potential of the concept name; dictionary definition method – to clarify the semantics of possible verbalizers of the concept, determine its name and description of the conceptual component; elements of etymological analysis – to explain the content of the concept verbalizer. Verbal nominations, representing CAT and DOG concepts, are interpreted as fixators of knowledge about objects, explicitly expressed in language. CAT and DOG concepts have a concrete-subject character, they correlate with the objective reality – a discrete, objectively available material object of reality. As a result of the definitive analysis and based on the definition of the nominative token cat and dog, we distinguished 12 generalized meanings that form the denotation CAT concept and 14 generalized meanings that produce the denotation of DOG concept. The conceptual basis of CAT and DOG concepts is expanded with the help of additional semantic features, taking into account the cognitive-semantic analysis of synonymous equivalents of the nouns cat and dog.

TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH SLANG IN ADVERTISEMENTS

In the modern world, in the epoch of growth of information technologies, an advertisement is one of the most popular varieties of mass communication that rapidly develops. The growth of advertisement substantially influences on lexical composition of language, creates in a language new concepts and expressions, in particular slang and jargon. Native speakers begin to use such vocabulary in everyday life. Especially modern English has such phenomenon, because it is used all over the world. Nowadays, an advertisement performs the function of public ideas formation. Influencing on people, an advertisement creates consumer philosophy and ideology. One of the most sensible to the advertisement categories of people is youth, because they are in the process of active socialization. Exactly an advertisement is mostly aimed at young consumers, that is why it becomes more widely spread and such products need specific language means of influence. Advertisement makers try to overcome psychological distance between an advertisement and audience, so they use of extralinguistic language units, elements of slang or to create new words. Topicality of this work is defined by the fact that a slang is an integral part of English, and the latest research of slang is of great importance. A slang is one of the most actual and ambiguous problems of modern lexicology. In the world where new slang units appear every day, updating of theoretical and practical knowledge of slang and its functions is very important for modern lexicology. In addition, the deeper analysis of advertisement reports with a slang must be done. A scientific novelty of work is that theoretical knowledge in relation to a slang and advertisement in the conditions of modern development of information technologies are incorporated and generalized; opinions of scientists are analyzed in relation to functioning of slang in an advertisement. The aim of the article is to study features of slang functioning in modern English-language advertisements and analysis of basic methods of translating of such advertisement texts. The achievement of these aims needs solution of the following tasks: 1) to interpret a concept "slang" and "jargon" and define, what a slang differs from jargon in the context of the newest researches; 2) to present the basic methods of forming of slang in modern English; 3) to describe the general views of slang and identify their specifics; 4) to interpret a concept "advertisement" and describe the stylistic features of advertisement text; 5) to describe the features of slang use in advertisement texts; 6) to explain functioning of slang in an advertisement on the example of advertisement slogans and texts; 7) to define the specific features of English-Ukrainian translation of advertisements. The subject of research is an analysis of slang features in modern English and Ukrainian languages in advertisement texts.

COMMUNICATIVE ROLE OF IMPERATIVE SENTENCE IN THE DIALOGUE

The purpose of the paper is to give a detailed description of the features of the communicative environment of the English imperative sentence in dialogical communication. The subject of the research is the imperative sentence surrounded by the other functional types of sentences that are realized in a certain com-municative environment of English dialogical speech. The research methodology includes structural – semantic, context – situational, presuppositional and communicative – pragmatic analyzes. Realization of the intention of imperative sen-tences and the achievement of a perlocutionary effect occurs in the appropriate com-municative environment. It regulates, along with linguistic and extralinguistic factors, the type, the degree of realization of the intention of the imperative sentence as a direct speech act. The communicative environment of these utterances in verbal communication is typified and presupposes the inclusion in it of a certain set of functional types of statements in the sequence of their speech implementation. There is a direct correlation between the communicative environment, the position of the imperative sentences in it and the realization of the imperative intention. Imperative statements, entering a certain communicative environment, being surrounded by the other, similar utterances, declarative, interrogative, emotional, are not simply included in their environment, but form an integral piece of text, a coherent sequence of statements, where the place of each one is functionally defined. Therefore, the nature of the leading intention of the communicative context depends not only on its perlocutionary force, but also largely depends on the interaction of all components of the dialogical entity. In most cases, the function of an interrogative statement in the communicative situation of imperativeness is reduced to narrowing or concretizing the topic of conversation, or to strengthening of unambiguous intentions. Although in some cases the question, being a direct speech act, performs the main function in the implementation of the communicative intention of the speaker, it forms the basis of a complex of statements. The function of an emotive communicative unit was considered in communicative linguistics and earlier, but not as a function of the component of an imperative utterance, therefore we note that an emotive part of the dialogue not only emotionally colors the entire communicative move, but also gives the imperative component a great perlocutionary force. Practical implications of the results of the paper is in the possibility of their use in optimization of the dialogical communication of students of foreign language faculties, in the lectures on theoretical and communicative grammar and functional stylistics, in the organization of lecture courses and special seminars on the theory of dialogue. Value / originality. The English imparetive sentence is analyzed from the point of view of its implementation in a communicative environment, the character of functioning in a certain environment is investigated, which helps to realize the intention of the imperativeness.

THE INFLUENCE OF SEMANTIC AND SYNTAXIC HOMONYMY ON THE PROCESS OF SPEECH PERCEPTION

Ambiguity is one of fundamental properties of any language. The emergence of polysemy is connected with the result of the natural language development and the conditions for its functioning as a means of communication. Existing at various linguistic levels: lexical, grammatical, syntactic, homonymy can be the basis of ambiguity. Lexical and grammatical homonyms appearing in the process of the his-torical development of the language reduce the number of linguistic forms, give the expressiveness to the utterance and can be the basis for creating texts based on a play on words. However, semantic homonymy can make it difficult to understand state-ments, especially when translating jokes into another language. Recreating a pun, translators can make typical mistakes reproducing literally the semantics of the core elements, then it can lead to a violation of the norms of the target language, and the creation of texts that are beyond the understanding of the recipients. The ambiguity arising at the syntactic level is the implementation of such a non-standard connection of words in a sentence as a two-way communication, in which a word or phrase is subordinate not to one, but several dominants simultane-ously. This type of homonymy is presented in two varieties of homonyms: structural homonyms, which, being subordinate to any of several possible dominants, not only do not change the meaning of the utterance, but also give the speech more expressiveness, and syntactic homonyms, which make the addressee choose one of several possible meanings of the utterance. It is this kind of syntactic homonymy that is a negative phenomenon that impedes the process of communication, and, therefore, in need of elimination. This article examines the influence of syntactic and semantic homonymy on the process of speech perception. The paper points out the positive and negative as-pects of semantic ambiguity that affects the understanding of statements when creat-ing puns and translating them from Russian into English, examines the reasons for the emergence of syntactic homonyms in the Russian language, proves the patterns functionality of the text initial perception based on the rules of semantic combination of words.

FEATURES OF TRANSLATION OF UKRAINIAN SERVICE PARTS OF SPEECH INTO ENGLISH

In the system of parts of speech functional words are important, because they serve as indicators of different relationships between words (prepositions), between words and sentences (conjunctions) or provide new words and sentence emotional shades (particles). Prepositions are function words that precede a noun or a word that replaces it, contributing to their joining phrases and sentences. Particles are functional words that are used to provide individual words or sentences more expressive and emotional connotations or creation morphological forms and new words. Conjunction is the functional part of speech that combines parts of a sentence or the sentence, expresses the semantic relations between homogeneous sentence members or parts of a complex sentence. The aim of this work is the analysis of Ukrainian functional parts of speech translation into English means. In order to illustrate translation of Ukrainian functional parts of speech in the artwork we’ve chosen a story written by V. Stefanyk «The stone cross» and its translation by A. Bilenko. This story is full of properly Ukrainian lexicon and complicated by using of Galytsky dialect. Researching the concept of functional parts of speech in modern linguistics, and the Ukrainian prepositions, particles and conjunctions dictionary translation, analysis of the Ukrainian functional words translation in the artwork allows doing the following conclusions. It was set that preposition is unchangable functional word that indicates syntactic subordination of noun (or its equivalent) to other words in the sentence or word-combination; not lexical but grammatical meaning is typical for preposition; the particle as a function word does not fulfill the nominative function, cannot be an independent member of sentences, but plays an important role in the communication process, because it provides new emotionally-expressive and semantic nuances to speech; conjunction is a word which connects two words or clauses or sentences and shows the relation between them. The study of Ukrainian functional parts of speech dictionary translation in English found that a large number of Ukrainian functional words have their equivalents in English. Particles often translated by adverbs or adjectives, prepositions and conjunctions – by their English equivalents.

NATIVE ENGLISH-SPEAKING TEACHERS AND NON-NATIVE INSTRUCTORS IN TRAINING EFL IN UKRAINE: STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS

With the mushrooming use of English and number of non-native speakers, the issue of teaching English in non-English contexts has been brought to the fore in discussions and empirical research. The question, who makes better language teachers of English, has received considerable attention in the literature on native English-speaking teachers (NESTs) and non-native English-speaking teachers (NNESTs). The current study examines the contributions of native and non-native teachers to an English Language Teaching (ELT) program in Ukraine. It contends that, in spite of a recent upsurge in writing on non-native English-speaking teachers (NNESTs) in the global discourse of English language teaching (ELT), the experiences of NNESTSs working within their own state educational systems remain seriously under-investigated. The purpose of the study is to explore the general perceptions of university students of NESTs and NNESTs in Ukraine. It also aims to find out with whom Ukrainian university students believe they learn more: with native or with non-native EFL teachers. This paper reports on the results of the study conducted at Oles Honchar National University with 158 undergraduate students majoring in German, French, Ukrainian Philology as well as International Relations to assess 2 male native English-speaking (NEST) and 10 non-native English teachers. A self-developed anonymous questionnaire is applied to seek their views about NESTs and NNESTs on rating scales relating to language skills, grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, learning strategies, culture and civilization, attitudes and assessment. The study also views how these teachers are able to teach certain language skills and areas. Descriptive statistics were run for data analyses. It has been found out that the participants of this study have exhibited positive attitudes towards their NETs and NNETs. Though the results have shown an overall preference for NETs but it seems that the respondents also believe that NNETs effectively contribute by virtue of their own experiences as English language learners and their experience as teachers. It may be concluded that Ukrainian EFL learners represented by the participants of this survey believe that NETs are more successful in creating richer classroom environment, teaching/assessing speaking skills, listening skills, vocabulary and reading skills better. The findings reveal that NNETs use innovative strategies and explain lessons more clearly to make their students learn better. By virtue of their personal experiences as language learners themselves, they have been perceived to understand their students’ styles and language difficulties in a better manner that facilitate learning process. Therefore, it may be concluded that each group of teachers has been perceived to have their own particular strengths and weaknesses.