INVESTIGATION OF OIL TANKER ACCIDENTS BY USING GIS

This study focuses on marine accident data regarding accidents that occurred between the years 1998-2010 for ships within the oil tanker category. Data in the study include accident reports, which are recorded in the Global Integrated Shipping Information System (GISIS) and country reports. Textual accident data in the GISIS database were tabulated, thus creating a systematic database. By using accident data from this database, a marine accidents map for oil tankers was developed via the ArcGIS 10 program, the areas with the highest accident incident rates were determined, and reasons for oil tanker accidents were revealed through the assessment of factors such as accident type, accident incident number, accident scope, ship tonnage, navigational sea area type, and accident’s impacts on the environment, economy and personnel. The study showed that very high risk areas for oil tanker marine accidents include the Singapore Strait and Oresund, and high risk areas are the Bristol Channel, Suez Channel, Strait of Hormuz, Great Belt, Piraeus, Hull, İstanbul Strait, and Amsterdam, respectively. The study also established that oil tanker accidents are related to ship tonnage and navigational sea area type.

BILGE DUMP AUTOMATIC ALERT SYSTEM IN SOUTHERN AFRICA OCEANS

Oil spill over the sea surface formed because of oil-tanker accidents or illegal bilge dumping of tankers can cause significant environmental damage depending on the location and amount. The international legislation contains minor and well-defined exceptions related to ocean areas (internal waters, marine protected areas, MARPOL “special” areas, territorial seas or exclusive economic zones). These areas often determine whether or not an action is considered legal/illegal and define the rights and obligations, including law enforcement obligations. Deliberated oil spill are often caused by vessels illegally discharging oily waste during cleaning operations. To minimise the ecological impact caused by the oil spill, a rapid response from the authorities is required. To facilitate the quick response, we propose an automated bilge dump alert system based on space-borne SAR analysis over Southern Africa oceans. The proposed alert system detects potential bilge dumps and classifies them according to confidence and alert levels. The confidence levels described the quality of the detected bilge dump, based on the probability measures of the observed bilge candidates. The alert levels described the enormity of the alert based on the detection location and confidence level. The system showed promising results in classifying bilge dumps according to the alert level.

THE EFFECTIVENESS ABSORPTION TEST OF LUBRICATING OIL WASTE AND HSD FUEL WITH NATURAL FIBERS (DURIAN SKIN)

Pollution of sea water due to oil spills often occurs. Among them are tanker accidents, explosions of offshore oil platforms, ship operation errors and waste from the petroleum and coal industries. Oil spills in the sea often cause pollution which leads to damage to biological resources and damage to the underwater ecosystem. The purpose of this study was to determine the process and processing, and to determine the ability of durian skin to adsorb lubricating oil waste and HSD fuel. This research was conducted by processing the waste with variations of time 2, 5, and 10 minutes. And with variations in durian skin size of 0.25 mm², 1 mm², and 9 mm². With drying of durian skin between 1-15 days with 1-30 days. Then the results were analyzed to determine the efficiency of absorbing durian skin. The results of STTAL laboratory studies showed an increase in durian skin mass after undergoing a process of adsorption of lubricating oil waste and HSD fuel. Thus, the optimal durian skin time and size obtained on lubricating oil waste is 10 minutes with a surface area of 1 mm², mass of 4 grams in drying for 1-30 days. With efficiency of 82.54%. Whereas the HSD fuel is 10 minutes with a surface area of 0.25 mm², mass 4 grams on drying for 1-15 days. With an efficiency of 86.03%.Keywords: Durian skin, adsorption of lubricating oil waste, HSD

Maritime Tanker Accidents and Their Impact on Marine Environment

Shipping is a fundamental mode of transportation for 85 per cent of the world trade, supplying raw materials, energy, manufactured goods, foodstuffs etc. to the global population, is carried by international shipping industry. In such busy traffic, unfortunately, accidents are inevitable events. Large numbers of casualties occur at sea almost every day. Human loss and marine environmental damage, among others such as financial and property losses, are the most crucial and hazardous disasters caused by maritime accidents. There are several causes playing role in maritime accidents such as natural conditions, technical failures, route conditions, ship-related factors, human errors, cargo-related factors. There are also quite many types of maritime accidents; they include oil spill, ship grounding, fire, to mention a few. The impact of maritime accidents on the marine environment differs from one another. The main purpose of this paper is to determine and analyse the effects of maritime accidents on the marine environment. The analysis was based on data published over the past 56 years involving spills of 7000 tons oils. Within this scope, firstly, the literature related to maritime accidents involving spills was reviewed and then the statistics of maritime accidents and their impact on marine environment worldwide were analyzed and evaluated.

SELF-CLEANING CAPACITY OF SEACOASTS IN CASE OF OIL POLLUTION

The sea coasts are especially exposed to the oil pollution harmful influence as they frequently suffer from oil spills relating to the tanker accidents, port and off-shore activities. The objective of the present research is to examine the rates of spilled fuel oil natural destruction on geographically different seacoasts and to evaluate their relationship with principal environmental factors such as climatic and hydrological conditions, coast exposure and geomorphology, sediment types, intensity of biogeochemical cycles. For this purpose, a number of contaminated sectors of the Atlantic coasts of France and Spain (areas of “Erika” and “Prestige” tanker accidents), the Strait of Kerch (“Volgoneft-139” tanker accident) and the Black Sea coast in Russia (area of Novorossiysk sea port) were studied. Long-term (from 6 to 15 years) field observations were carried out there. The oiled samples were analyzed with the use of thin layer and column chromatography, optical and gravimetric methods. The results show that in the course of time, the oil slicks demonstrate an exponential diminution in their size, number and in the ratio of labile hydrocarbons content to conservative asphaltic components content. The half-period of this diminution varies from less than 1 to 12 years, subject to the forms of fuel oil traces and geographical conditions. On the Strait of Kerch coast washed by shallow, slightly salted and highly bio-productive waters of the Sea of Azov the spilled fuel oil tends to disappear twice as rapidly as on French and Spanish coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. The joint examination of the observed rates of oil pollution natural destruction and the geographical conditions of studied sites shows that temperature and seawater salinity are the crucial environmental factors of self-cleaning process.