THE ROLE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN REDUCING POVERTY THROUGH ISLAM PERSPECTIVE

Entrepreneur is a stratetegical economic change agent for the Indonesian people in reducing poverty. By seeing that the majority of Indonesia's population is Muslim so it is very appropriate to implement an Islamic-based entrepreneurship system. Entrepreneur is a system in accordance with the teachings of Islam because it is highly recommended to seek riski or income. Islamic teachings view that work is a worship, so that entrepreneurs besides can lift income per capita, also can reduce poverty. In this library research emphasize the importance of entrepreneur applied in Islam because in view of Islam is aspect of life which is grouped into muamalah problem which closely related to relation between human with God which will be accounted later in akhirat. Business in the Qur'an is a human trade with God associated with spending his rescue to someone who can not afford. Successful behavior in Islam can not simply come, there are many values that need to be interpreted by Muslims as an entrepreneur. One of them, the orientation that becomes a good conception of self or others who become habit as way of life (way of life). Analysis of the success of an Islamic entrepreneur is to consider the variables of success and failure with internal and external factors based on Islamic teachings.

Phylogeographic evidence for multiple long-distance introductions of the common wall lizard associated with human trade and transport

The common wall lizard has been widely introduced across Europe and overseas. We investigated the origin of putatively introduced Podarcis muralis populations from two southern Europe localities: (i) Ljubljana (Slovenia), where uncommon phenotypes were observed near the railway tracks and (ii) the port of Vigo (Spain), where the species was recently found 150 km far from its previously known range. We compared cytochrome-b mtDNA sequences of lizards from these populations with published sequences across the native range. Our results support the allochthonous status and multiple, long-distance origins in both populations. In Ljubljana, results support two different origins, Serbia and Italy. In Vigo, at least two separate origins are inferred, from western and eastern France. Such results confirm that human-mediated transport is promoting biological invasion and lineage admixture in this species. Solid knowledge of the origin and invasion pathways, as well as population monitoring, is crucial for management strategies to be successful.

Olatunde Osunsanmi and Living the Transatlantic Apocalypse

This chapter explores Nigerian American Olatunde Osunsanmi’s commercially successful film The Fourth Kind as African sf immersing the audience in an empathic experience of the Transatlantic Human Trade as described in Olaudah Equiano’s Interesting Narrative, and alien invasion and colonization as depicted in Okot p’Bitek’s Song of Lawino. Analysis includes excavation of traditional pre-Christian Ifá symbolism in the film, such as the use of the owl to represent the quest for wisdom and humility of the god/dess Obatala, and situates Osunsanmi’s experiential achievement in relation to the legacy of H. G. Wells’s War of the Worlds.

The analysis of the concept of vulnerability on the International legal framework on Human Trade

The establishment of the Trafficking1 and the Smuggling Protocol2 has brought to the surface the importance of the concept of vulnerability. However, the Protocols have not given a precise definition to the concept of vulnerability, in order to perceive a practical application on legal grounds. In 2005, the Council of Europe tries to delimit the definition’s gap of such concept, through the Convention of Warsaw3, giving a more exact definition of the concept. The present article intends to analyse the evolution and the application of this concept on the international legal framework on Human trafficking and Smuggling of migrants.

Biological trade and markets

Cooperation between organisms can often be understood, like trade between merchants, as a mutually beneficial exchange of services, resources or other ‘commodities’. Mutual benefits alone, however, are not sufficient to explain the evolution of trade-based cooperation. First, organisms may reject a particular trade if another partner offers a better deal. Second, while human trade often entails binding contracts, non-human trade requires unwritten ‘terms of contract’ that ‘self-stabilize’ trade and prevent cheating even if all traders strive to maximize fitness. Whenever trading partners can be chosen, market-like situations arise in nature that biologists studying cooperation need to account for. The mere possibility of exerting partner choice stabilizes many forms of otherwise cheatable trade, induces competition, facilitates the evolution of specialization and often leads to intricate forms of cooperation. We discuss selected examples to illustrate these general points and review basic conceptual approaches that are important in the theory of biological trade and markets. Comparing these approaches with theory in economics, it turns out that conventional models—often called ‘Walrasian’ markets—are of limited relevance to biology. In contrast, early approaches to trade and markets, as found in the works of Ricardo and Cournot, contain elements of thought that have inspired useful models in biology. For example, the concept of comparative advantage has biological applications in trade, signalling and ecological competition. We also see convergence between post-Walrasian economics and biological markets. For example, both economists and biologists are studying ‘principal–agent’ problems with principals offering jobs to agents without being sure that the agents will do a proper job. Finally, we show that mating markets have many peculiarities not shared with conventional economic markets. Ideas from economics are useful for biologists studying cooperation but need to be taken with caution.