Surface Temperature Mapping of a Metal Plate using Ultrasound-Guided Wave Technique

Surface temperature mapping is crucial for the monitoring and control of an object of interest, such as furnace, reactor pipes carrying hot fluids, or a component under a temperature dependant process. While the use of waveguides for temperature measurement is well documented in literature, the attachment of the waveguide to a metallic component poses challenges. These include the relationship between the local waveguide temperature and that of the metal component; and wave leakage into the component. In this paper, the authors study the propagation of Shear Horizontal (SH) guided wave in a strip waveguide and its interaction with the notch embodiments in the waveguide. The effects of the type of notch and its depth on the SH mode characteristics are investigated through simulation studies. The mode of attachment of the waveguide to the metal component is by means a slot made in the component. The area of contact between the waveguide and metal component is optimized such that there is minimum wave leakage into the bulk material. Based on the simulation results, a waveguide strip is fabricated and used to monitor the local surface temperature of a test metal component. The waveguide is calibrated by correlating the time of flight shift in the waveforms against reference temperature values. Thereafter, the instantaneous temperature of the metal component is determined from the calibration equations. A set of experimental trials are performed to check for repeatability. The experiments are conducted in near steady-state conditions for better accuracy in the measurements.

Synthesis of Polyanionic C5-Modified 2′-Deoxyuridine and 2′-Deoxycytidine-5′-Triphosphates and Their Properties as Substrates for DNA Polymerases

Modified 2′-deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) have widespread applications in both existing and emerging biomolecular technologies. For such applications it is an essential requirement that the modified dNTPs be substrates for DNA polymerases. To date very few examples of C5-modified dNTPs bearing negatively charged functionality have been described, despite the fact that such nucleotides might potentially be valuable in diagnostic applications using Si-nanowire-based detection systems. Herein we have synthesised C5-modified dUTP and dCTP nucleotides each of which are labelled with an dianionic reporter group. The reporter group is tethered to the nucleobase via a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based linkers of varying length. The substrate properties of these modified dNTPs with a variety of DNA polymerases have been investigated to study the effects of varying the length and mode of attachment of the PEG linker to the nucleobase. In general, nucleotides containing the PEG linker tethered to the nucleobase via an amide rather than an ether linkage proved to be the best substrates, whilst nucleotides containing PEG linkers from PEG6 to PEG24 could all be incorporated by one or more DNA polymerase. The polymerases most able to incorporate these modified nucleotides included Klentaq, Vent(exo-) and therminator, with incorporation by Klenow(exo-) generally being very poor.

Reproductive Biology of the Arborescent Seed-Fern Linopteris obliqua: Implications for Taxonomy (Medullosales, Late Pennsylvanian Sydney Coalfield, Canada)

A shaley slab (65 x 45 x 7 cm) from the Sydney Coalfield, Canada, Cantabrian age, on splitting apart revealed 2 – 3 layers each entombing thousands of abscised pinnules of Linopteris obliqua and eight dispersed compound-synangial structures. The campanulary-ventral-sporal micromorphology of the best preserved structure of these compares sufficiently well with previously reported structures from the Sydney Coalfield named Potoniea krisiae. Earlier studies involving larger sampling suites furthermore contributed to the observation that Hexagonocarpus sp. (female organ) and P. krisiae (male organ) usually co-occur with abscised L. obliqua pinnules; however, these two organs do not co-occur on isochronous bedding planes. In the absence of confirmatory organic attachments, the presented data provide as yet the strongest support for the hypothesis of the organs’ connectivity, but whether female-male trees existed or not, and the mode of attachment of the organs remain unknown. Hypothesized for the latter is pinnate attachment.

The Post-Translational Modifications, Localization, and Mode of Attachment of Non-Covalently Bound Glucanosyltransglycosylases of Yeast Cell Wall as a Key to Understanding their Functioning

Glucan linked to proteins is a natural mega-glycoconjugate (mGC) playing the central role as a structural component of a yeast cell wall (CW). Regulation of functioning of non-covalently bound glucanosyltransglycosylases (ncGTGs) that have to remodel mGC to provide CW extension is poorly understood. We demonstrate that the main ncGTGs Bgl2 and Scw4 have phosphorylated and glutathionylated residues and are represented in CW as different pools of molecules having various firmness of attachment. Identified pools contain Bgl2 molecules with unmodified peptides, but differ from each other in the presence and combination of modified ones, as well as in the presence or absence of other CW proteins. Correlation of Bgl2 distribution among pools and its N-glycosylation was not found. Glutathione affects Bgl2 conformation, probably resulting in the mode of its attachment and enzymatic activity. Bgl2 from the pool of unmodified and monophosphorylated molecules demonstrates the ability to fibrillate after isolation from CW. Revealing of Bgl2 microcompartments and their mosaic arrangement summarized with the results obtained give the evidence that the functioning of ncGTGs in CW can be controlled by reversible post-translational modifications and facilitated due to their compact localization. The hypothetical scheme of distribution of Bgl2 inside CW is represented.

Laboratory evaluation of a wearable head impact sensor for use in water polo and land sports

The SIM-G is a waterproof head impact sensor that has been previously evaluated for use in a headband, but not yet in a mode of attachment suitable for water polo. For this study, a CADEX linear impactor was used to impact a Hybrid III headform while wearing either a headband or modified water polo cap, each housing a SIM-G. In both headgears, the SIM-G consistently underestimated peak linear acceleration ( p < .001) and peak rotational velocity ( p < .001), and consistently overestimated peak rotational acceleration ( p < .001) relative to the headform. These inaccuracies are consistent with previous evaluations of the SIM-G, but notably, impact magnitudes did not differ between the different modes of attachment ( p > .198). The proprietary SIM-G algorithm used for classifying false/true positives performed poorly at the back and crown impact locations in both the water polo cap and headband, but accuracy of this algorithm did not significantly differ between the water polo cap and headband (60.5% vs 49.4%, respectively). The SIM-G’s ability to correctly predict impact location also performed poorly in both headgears when impacts occurred at the crown location, but was significantly better overall in the water polo cap than the headband (80.2% vs 55.6%, respectively). These results demonstrate that the SIM-G exhibits shared limitations and a similar performance overall when placed in either a headband or water polo cap. Potential explanations for the inaccuracies of the SIM-G, as well as methods of optimizing its application in sports, are discussed.

Synthesis and comparative charge transfer studies in porphyrin–fullerene dyads: mode of attachment effect

Two types of dyads having different modes of attachment i.e. cyclopropanation vs. pyrrolidine type in porphyrin–fullerene linked systems are compared for their photophysical properties. Dyad II with pyrrolidine type of linkage shows faster charge separation and generation of long lived charge separated states. It also shows a new property of thermally activated electrical conductivity which makes it potential candidate for organic electronic devices.