Strip cooling control for flexible production of galvanized flat steel

The work is devoted to the problem of flexible small-scale production of galvanized steel of various sizes on a continuous hot-dip galvanizing unit with varying productivity. The main focus is on the heat treatment of steel strip, the requirements for which limit productivity. In conditions of disturbances, it is necessary to proactively control the heat treatment using models, or to reduce the speed of the strip to ensure that the requirements are met. Unlike most of the works that focus on heat control, this work focuses on strip cooling. Based on the analysis of production data of the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, it is shown that violation of the cooling requirements leads to the appearance of defects in the zinc coating. Dependence of the probability of defects occurrence on the strip temperature is given. Problems of cooling predictive control are formulated using models in the absence of temperature control of the cooling section cavity. For each of the tasks, the model structure and the method of its tuning are determined according to the data accumulated over a significant period of the unit operation under conditions of uncontrolled systematic disturbances. The structure of the cooling control system is proposed by estimation of the cooling section cavity temperature as a controlled variable. The temperature estimate is determined from the model. The lack of measurement of the cooling section cavity temperature is not a problem then varying productivity. The results of the models tuning are presented according to the data of the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works continuous hot-dip galvanizing unit. The proposed structures of the models and methods for their adjustment can be applied in the development of models for metal heating in furnaces.

Ways of reduction of environmental risks of slag heaps of metallurgical enterprises, Ukraine

The purpose of this work is a quantitative assessment of the level of reduction of environmental risks of slag heaps of metallurgical enterprises with the use of metallurgical slag as an alternative road construction material.Methods. Quantitative analysis of the emergence of the risk of environmental hazard is carried out in accordance with the "Methodology for determining the risks and their adopted levels for the declaration of safety of objects of high danger", which determines the procedure for conducting a hazard analysis and risk assessment of high-risk objects, which is carried out through the definition of the probability of undesirable consequences of accidents on based scripts for their emergence and development. For the risk assessment, a logical-probabilistic hazard response scheme in the form of a "failure tree" is constructed and analyzed, which is a form of an ordered graphical representation of the logical-probabilistic connection of random events that results in an undesirable result. The calculation of road surface design with alternative road-building materials is carried out in accordance with the VBN V.2.3-218-186-2004 "Construction of vehicles. Non-rigid type of road clothes" taking into account the requirements of the GBN V.2.3-218-007: 2012 "Environmental requirements for highways Designing".Results. To determine the main causes of environmental hazards in the dumps of metallurgical combines and the nature of their impact on the environment, a tree of problems has been constructed that allows us to determine the main causes of a high level of environmental hazard and the emergence of hazardous situations, namely, the large volumes of metallurgical waste stored on the territory of dumps. For the dumps around the steel mills in Mariupol a "tree of failure" was built and the probability of occurrence of an ecologically dangerous situation or an accident which is connected with places of storage of metallurgical deposits of PJSC "Azovstal Iron and Steel Works" and PJSC "Mariupol Iron and Steel Works named after Ilyich" is calculated. The risk of the risk of storing slags in the dumps of metallurgical combines of the occurrence of the main event is 0.636. The main environmental hazards are the amount of slag and slag dust in the dump area. Design of road clothing with the use of metallurgical slags. The content of metallurgical slag in the proposed designs of the DO reaches 25 ... 32%. The use of metallurgical slags, which are low-toxic waste, that is, waste of Class IV hazard, in road construction will reduce the level of existing environmental risk, provided the metallurgical slags of consumer properties.Scientific novelty. As a result of the performed research, an effective approach to reduce the environmental risks of slag heats of steel mills was identified through the use of large volumes of slag as an alternative road construction material. The design of road clothing for the construction of roads of different categories and the level of reduction of the ecological risk of the dump impact on the environment and health of the population of the region are determined.Practical significance. The practical application of the proposed approach was made for slag heaps of the metallurgical combines of Mariupol (Ukraine). The level of ecological safety of the region by reducing the amount of metallurgical slags can be increased by 27-30%, which will allow the company to obtain a total ecological and economic effect in the amount of 1.22 million UAH.

Contamination assessment of heavy metals in urban soil of former industrial city (Ózd, Hungary)

<p>Iron and steel works activities are an important industrial source of pollutants that change soil composition with a wide range of substances containing heavy metals. Determination of the multi-element composition of urban soil contributes to an accurate assessment of the quality of the urban environment. Therefore, concentrations of 15 metals (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni Cu, Zn, Mo, Ag, Sn, Sb, Pb and W) were measured in Ózd, a former industrial city located at the northern part of Hungary. It has been exposed to contaminants for almost two centuries by different anthropogenic activities such as transportation, coal mining, iron and steel works. In this study, 56 urban soil samples were collected from playgrounds, kindergartens, parks and roadsides, as well as 1 local coal, 1smelter slag and 2 steel slags samples.</p><p>In this study, we determined cluster distribution of the samples using compositional data analysis clr-transformed (clr-biplot), k-means cluster analysis (CA) and calculates enrichment factors (EF). To observe the relationships among the 15 metals, the clr-biplot was performed in CoDaPack software and k-means in R statistics, following recommendation in the literature [1].  The results of k-means were overlapped on the clr-biplot and plot on a map. Enrichment factors were calculated for every cluster with the formula: EF=[M/Fe]sample/[M/Fe] background, where (M) metals concentration and Fe was used for normalization. Background values were taken from brown forest soil.</p><p>The average concentration of 15 elements in (mg kg<sup>-1</sup>) for the 57 samples are Fe(27204), Mn(842), Zn(225), Ti (135),  Pb (81), Cr(41,3), Cu(30.2), V(24.2), Ni(21), Co(7.34), Sn(4.22), Sb(1.41), Mo(1.19), W(0.726) and Ag (0.268), respectively.</p><p>The optimal number of clusters are 4, where the most samples in the first cluster are distributed on the northwest side of the city where agricultural activity is a common occasion. Samples forming the second cluster are characteristic in the area of the former iron and steel factory. Samples of the third cluster are located at the new industrial park (northeast side of the city). The fourth cluster samples are derived from the surrounding area the new industrial area and covers most of the city south side. The results of average enrichment factor (EF)>5, which represent significant or very significant enrichment are 1<sup>st</sup>cluster Ti, 2<sup>nd</sup>cluster W>Ti>Sn>Ag>Cr>Pb>Sb>Zn>Cu, 3<sup>rd</sup>cluster W>Cr>Ti, and 4<sup>th</sup>cluster Ti>W.</p><p>The differences between cluster distributions and enrichment of each metallic element show complexity of the study area, which suggested areas with features associations of elements to natural sources, hybrid (natural and anthropogenic) and industrial areas.</p><p> </p>

Features of application of ORC-technology at compressor stations of metallurgical enterprises

The use of secondary energy resources in metallurgy with their conversion into mechanical and / or electrical energy allows not only to reduce the negative impact on the environment, but also to significantly increase the energy efficiency of facilities. As a result the study design, the results of which are presented in this article defined the energy-saving potential at the compressor station metallurgical enterprises (on the example of the system of supply of technical gases of the process of production of rolled steel from iron ore PJSC Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works). A schematic solution and a method for determining the operating parameters of an installation operating according to the so-called "organic Rankine cycle" (ORC installation), which allows obtaining additional electrical energy for production needs by utilizing the heat of interstage cooling of compressor units, are proposed and justified. The features of the implementation of this technology are identified, and the working substance of the ORC installation that meets the requirements of safety and energy efficiency as much as possible is proposed for implementation. The values of the internal efficiency, the power of the ORC installation and the share of usefully utilized heat in the implementation of the proposed scheme are estimated.

International Specialists in the Construction of the Magnitka in Journalism and Ego-Documents

This article analyses a complex of journalistic and historical sources on the relationship between Soviet and international specialists during the construction of the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works (colloquially known as Magnitka). The authors demonstrate the relevance of this topic for contemporary Russian historiography, as many of its aspects have not been studied until now. The article considers questions connected with the role of international engineers and workers in the construction of the enterprise. Journalistic sources are particularly valuable because the facts are described by participants in the events themselves; however, due to the subjectivity of human perception, it is necessary to compare such information with other documentary evidence. The article analyses the reasons for both the positive and negative attitudes of Soviet and Western experts towards each other. Special attention is paid to the topic of the mutual perception of Soviet and international specialists during the First Five-Year Plan. The study reveals that when analysing the issue, it is necessary to take into account the main factors of the authors’ subjective perception, such as their country of origin, level of education, profession, positions they held, their contacts, and the influence of the Soviet political environment. As a result of these factors, Ya. S. Gugel, head of the construction of the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, journalist S. D. Narinyani, and the American worker D. Scott perceived and interpreted the relations of Soviet and international participants in the construction of the Magnitka differently. The study concludes that the basis for mutual perception was not so much personal qualities as different approaches to solving production problems. The peculiarity of the Magnitka was the clash of two tactics: “Western conservatism” vs “Soviet adventurism.” Principles of strict adherence to the technological process lay at the basis of international, primarily American and German, experience, while the basis of Soviet mentality was the “Bolshevik pace”. The historical value of journalistic sources is that the authors of the early 1930s directly assessed the contribution that international experts made to the establishment of Soviet industrial giants. At the same time, they were subject to the rules of the propaganda war between the USSR and Western powers.

Tendencies of innovation development of the Russian iron and steel industry on the base of patent analytics for the largest national metallurgical companies

Iron and steel industry is one of the industrial branches making substantial input in provision of economic growth in Russian Federation; in this connection, innovation development of the metallurgical industry is rather important. The patent researches, in their turn, allow to get statistical data about the patents that are indicators of technological development and reliable parameter of innovation activity in the industry. The paper is devoted to study of the tendencies of innovation development of the national vertically integrated mining and metallurgical companies in order to reveal technological and innovation leaders and trends in this industry. The paper uses the patent method of technological prediction based on patent researches. The results of analysis of patent documents for the large metallurgical companies (Severstal, Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works (MMK), Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works (NLMK), Metalloinvest Management Company, EVRAZ Group, Mechel) are presented. The rating of Russian patentee companies — leaders in iron and steel industry — is prepared for the period 2000-2020. The legal status of patent documents included in the patent portfolios of the companies is determined. Patent activity of the companies is analyzed during the examined period with differentiation by years. The patent documents registered in Russia during 20 years, as well as the documents of Nippon Steel and JFE Holdings are also analyzed for comparison. The collection for each patentee was obtained and their interest areas (corresponding to the definite classes of International Patent Classification (IPC)) were examined with revealing of the most important IPC subgroups. Activity of authors of the examined companies is investigated in order to find out the leading technological development specialists.