Methodical approaches to the evaluation of surface pollution of water objects in the area of mining enterprises (on the example of Donetsk-Pridniprovsk region)

The most important component of ecologically safe development of natural and socio-economic systems is the use of nature, which involves the organization of water resources, which ensures sustainable development and for a long time retains sufficient water potential. The ХХІ century is characterized by significant negative changes in the natural environment caused by the uncontrolled use of natural resources, the development of industry and transport, which leads to increased water consumption and at the same time increase its pollution. This has been particularly noticeable over the last 50 years, when human impact on the planet's water cycle has reached a global scale. Deterioration of the ecological condition of surface waters is due to qualitative and quantitative depletion of factors of their formation, which in some cases makes it impossible to use them for economic purposes. Water quality of water bodies is formed under the influence of both natural and anthropogenic factors. As a result of human activity in reservoirs many anthropogenic substances of various degree of toxicity can arrive. The article attempts to assess changes in surface water quality over the past decade and to determine the degree of natural and man-made transformation of rivers in the region and the possibility of their self-restoration and stabilization of the ecological danger of the region. The existing methods of assessment of water bodies by chemical indicators used in the area of operation of mining enterprises are considered. In some methods, the assessment of water bodies usually reflects regional features rather than their own pollution. Calculations for the water basin river Siverskyi Donets are made and relevant patterns are established.

Methodology of integrated land and water resources management

The problem of creating a methodology for integrated management of land and water resources as one of the important components of the methodology of sustainable development is considered. The existing methodological approaches to integrated land and water resources management are analyzed and their main shortcomings are revealed. The methodology of integrated land and water resources management is based on contour-reclamation and functional-cost management principles. Analogs of the first, contour-ameliorative, principle are chosen the basic provisions of contour-ameliorative agriculture and the basin principle of water resources management. This principle consists of the contour principle, according to which integrated land management is carried out in the contours of certain land plots, and water resources – in the contours of river basins or sub-basins, and reclamation principle, according to which integrated management is carried out by developing and implementing measures to improve social, environmental and economic indicators of land and water use, using the term "reclamation" in a broader sense (Latin melioratio – improvement). The functional-cost principle is chosen as the main principle of the methodology of integrated resource management. The foundations of scientific and methodological tools of integrated management of land and water resources in the form of algorithms of local, zonal and regional integrated management of land and water resources are laid. The obtained research results are recommended for research institutions, design and environmental organizations, as well as specialists who deal with the problem of identifying and implementing strategic priorities for sustainable development of land and water resources.

Starunya: from geological monument to nature UNESCO geopark

One of the natural wonders of Prykarpatya is the village Starunia – with embalmed in ozokerite and well-preserved carcasses of mammoths and hairy rhinos and an active mud volcano, will undoubtedly delight us with new exploratory discoveries in the field of geology, paleontology and archeology. It is possible that here, together with large fossil mammals of the Ice Age, the remains of hunters on them – our ancestors Cro-Magnons – could be preserved. This discovery would have, without the slightest exaggeration, an international dimension. Therefore, it is necessary to continue the comprehensive study of Starunia, to promote it among environmentalists, scientists, students and schoolchildren. All this develops a love for native nature, encourages the preservation of its unique objects and historical and cultural heritage.The preparation of "Starunia" for the UNESCO World Geoparks Network by specialists of the Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas (IFNTUNG) in accordance with UNESCO requirements is highlighted by UNESCO Geoparks Program.According to these requirements to give the geological monument of nature "Starunia" the status of "geopark" it is necessary to study and give a standard description of all components of the environment: geological environment and endogeodynamic processes, relief (geomorphosphere) and dangerous exogeodynamic processes, hydro- and atmosphere, soil and plants cover, social environment, technosphere and their anthropogenic changes; assess the current environmental situation and develop environmental protection measures. This is not yet the case.In order to further study "Starunia" in IFNTUNG developed Regional Comprehensive Program for 2022–2023 "Starunia: from a natural monument to the geopark of the Ice Age", which was transferred to the Ivano-Frankivsk Regional State Administration and the Regional Council.Thus, the world-famous geological natural monument of national importance "Starunia" deserves a separate national program and shorter deadlines for its implementation, which would allow including "Starunia" in the world network of UNESCO geoparks.

Research of heavy metals leaching from sediments after feritization processing of galvanic sludge

Possibility of environmental safety increasing for industrial enterprises as a result of resource-saving technology implementation for processing galvanic sludge is considered. An experimental study of stability for sediments after ferritization processing of galvanic sludge and exhausted technological solutions was carried out. As a result of dynamic leaching of heavy metal ions, the immobilization properties of sediments were determined, which were obtained at different technological parameters of the ferritization process. It is shown that the level of immobilization of heavy metals in ferritic sediments has significantly higher values in comparison with sediments of traditional wastewater neutralization. It was found, that the precipitate obtained at following key parameters of reaction mixture for the ferritization process: the total concentration of heavy metal ions 10.41 g/dm3; ratio of concentrations of iron ions to total concentration of other heavy metals ions 4/1 and pH value of 10.5, is characterized by the highest degree of immobilization of heavy metals in the sediments of 99.96% mass. Using the results of a complete factorial experiment, regression equation for the leaching of heavy metal ions (iron, nickel, copper and zinc) from ferrite sediments was obtained: ratio of iron concentrations to the total concentration of other heavy metals and the pH value of reaction mixture. The adequacy of coefficients of regression equations was evaluated according to the criteria of Student and Fisher, which with 95% reliability correspond to the experimental results of the study. The proposed calculation algorithm provides an opportunity to increase efficiency and automation of ferritization process. Subsequent use of the research results will allow to implement reliable utilization of ferritized galvanic waste by application them into the row materials for obtaining alkaline cements for special purposes.

Еstimating the Chézy roughness coefficient as a characteristic of hydraulic resistance to flow in river channels: a general overview, existing challenges, and ways of their overcoming

This paper deals with results of a systemized overview of the Chézy roughness coefficient calculation problem as one most frequently used empirical characteristics of hydraulic resistance. The overview is given in the context of the formation of reliable empirical data needed to support hydro-engineering calculations and mathematical modelling of open flows in river channels. The problem topicality is because of a large number of practical tasks which need such a pre-research. In many cases, the accuracy of determining empirical hydraulic resistance characteristics can largely affect the accuracy of solving tasks relating to designing hydraulic structures and water management regardless of chosen mathematical models and methods.Rivers are characterized by a significant variety of flow conditions; hydraulic resistance to flows in rivers can thus vary widely determining their flow capacity. Considering the variety of river hydro-morphology and hydrology, the Chézy roughness coefficient often appears to be the most complete characteristic of hydraulic resistance to open flows in river channels comparing with other integral empirical characteristics of hydraulic resistance.At present, there are a large number of empirical and semi-empirical formulas to calculate the Chézy roughness coefficient. The main aim of this study was to analyze and systematize them in the context of providing proper support to the open channel hydraulics tasks. To achieve the aim of the study, a literature review regarding the problem of determining the integral hydraulic resistance characteristics to open flow in river channels was performed, as well as formulas used to calculate the Chézy roughness coefficient in practice were explored and systemized. In total, 43 formulas to calculate the Chézy roughness coefficient, as well as 13 formulas that can be used to estimate the Manning roughness coefficient were analyzed and systematized. Based on all these formulas, about 250 empirical equations can be compiled to calculate the Chézy coefficient depending on hydro-morphological peculiarities of rivers and river channels, hydraulic conditions, formulas application limits, and so on.

Expert assessment method of capabilities civil defense forces

The article proposes an approach to expert assessment of the capabilities of civil defense forces in multicriteria tasks. To implement the approach, taking into account the specifics of the subject area, the possibility of a method of supporting expert decisions, which combines the use of ontologies, voting procedures of experts, and relevant calculation procedures. The general scheme of the environment for making expert decisions on assessing the capabilities of civil defense forces on the example of emergency rescue formation is given. It is shown that the main normative sources for decision-making on capacity assessment are the catalog of basic components of capabilities and the list of criteria for their assessment. The choice is made from three alternatives – ready for action as intended, limited ready, or not ready. The problem of capacity assessment was set, a variant of the scale of quantitative characteristics of capabilities, and the level of expert assessment was proposed. The correct choice of the voting procedure of experts is substantiated, which contributes to finding an agreed solution. It is determined that to ensure high-quality elaboration of the task hierarchy, control, and increase the objectivity of the formation of characteristic vectors, the subject area must be presented in the form of an ontological information model. Attributive descriptions (properties) of the criteria are presented in the ontological database in the form of frames, the slots of which contain the corresponding numerical or linguistic data. Appropriate computer web tools have been proposed to support remote access capability assessment technology.

Regulation of food waste management in Ukraine and abroad

In the world in general and in Ukraine in particular, there is a catastrophic environmental situation with food waste. The solution to the problem of waste accumulation, the organization of quality control of compliance with legislation in their treatment, the formation of environmental awareness of the population is hampered by the lack of unanimity in defining the essence of waste, industrial waste, waste in the regulatory framework and among scientists. The aim of the work is to study the essence of the definition of food waste in domestic and foreign scientific discussions and regulations in terms of improving the regulation of their treatment in Ukraine. Scientific discussion of domestic and foreign authors on the concept of waste, in particular food, as well as their regulations demonstrate a wide variety of not only definitions but also approaches. This takes into account the legal basis for waste operations, their physical condition and properties, environmental and economic characteristics, the criterion of goal setting, accounting approach and so on. The analysis of the existing classifications of waste stated the absence of a separate category of food waste both in the works of Ukrainian scientists and in domestic regulations, while foreign authors are actively researching this category. According to the results of the study, it is proposed to introduce into the domestic regulatory framework the term "loss of food and food waste" commonly used abroad with the following definition: products (substances) as edible parts of plants and animals produced or collected for human consumption but ultimately not consumed. Critical analysis of domestic environmental legislation in comparison with European allowed to propose the implementation of the Waste Framework Directive, as well as the formation of a hierarchy of waste management priorities: prevention, preparation for reuse, recycling, other types of disposal, elimination as Ukraine's European integration. Areas of further research will be the study of food waste disposal technologies of the modern city.

Influence of global climate change on air pollution in urbanized areas and spread of COVID-19 morbidity

The purpose of this paper is to confirm for the conditions of Ukraine the hypothesis of a number of foreign authors on the relationship between the presence of air pollution by aerosol particles in urban areas and the number of patients with COVID-19. On the example of the main large cities of Ukraine the analysis between temperature factors, dust pollution of the atmospheric phenomena and processes of distribution of morbidity of the population on COVID-19 is made. The linear dependences in the logical coordinates between nature are obtained due to the confirmation of the cases of morbidity and the index of aerosol pollution of the atmospheric air of urban areas by solid private particles PM2.5 (AQIPM2.5). The correlation coefficients of the obtained dependences are in the range of 0.65–0.91. These data suggest the possibility of unification of data for the country for different climatic zones to assess and predict the incidence of population depending on air pollution in urban areas and climatic conditions, and may be promising in the future to find ways to reduce the impact of aerosols in the air on the human body and the purpose of finer cleaning in production processes and air exchange technologies in modern buildings and structures. According to the authors, there is a need for further research on the impact of humidity and the impact of the percentage distribution of natural and anthropogenic aerosols in the air of urban areas. Such studies will further make more accurate predictions about the impact of air pollution on human health in the context of global climate change.

Ways of reduction of environmental risks of slag heaps of metallurgical enterprises, Ukraine

The purpose of this work is a quantitative assessment of the level of reduction of environmental risks of slag heaps of metallurgical enterprises with the use of metallurgical slag as an alternative road construction material.Methods. Quantitative analysis of the emergence of the risk of environmental hazard is carried out in accordance with the "Methodology for determining the risks and their adopted levels for the declaration of safety of objects of high danger", which determines the procedure for conducting a hazard analysis and risk assessment of high-risk objects, which is carried out through the definition of the probability of undesirable consequences of accidents on based scripts for their emergence and development. For the risk assessment, a logical-probabilistic hazard response scheme in the form of a "failure tree" is constructed and analyzed, which is a form of an ordered graphical representation of the logical-probabilistic connection of random events that results in an undesirable result. The calculation of road surface design with alternative road-building materials is carried out in accordance with the VBN V.2.3-218-186-2004 "Construction of vehicles. Non-rigid type of road clothes" taking into account the requirements of the GBN V.2.3-218-007: 2012 "Environmental requirements for highways Designing".Results. To determine the main causes of environmental hazards in the dumps of metallurgical combines and the nature of their impact on the environment, a tree of problems has been constructed that allows us to determine the main causes of a high level of environmental hazard and the emergence of hazardous situations, namely, the large volumes of metallurgical waste stored on the territory of dumps. For the dumps around the steel mills in Mariupol a "tree of failure" was built and the probability of occurrence of an ecologically dangerous situation or an accident which is connected with places of storage of metallurgical deposits of PJSC "Azovstal Iron and Steel Works" and PJSC "Mariupol Iron and Steel Works named after Ilyich" is calculated. The risk of the risk of storing slags in the dumps of metallurgical combines of the occurrence of the main event is 0.636. The main environmental hazards are the amount of slag and slag dust in the dump area. Design of road clothing with the use of metallurgical slags. The content of metallurgical slag in the proposed designs of the DO reaches 25 ... 32%. The use of metallurgical slags, which are low-toxic waste, that is, waste of Class IV hazard, in road construction will reduce the level of existing environmental risk, provided the metallurgical slags of consumer properties.Scientific novelty. As a result of the performed research, an effective approach to reduce the environmental risks of slag heats of steel mills was identified through the use of large volumes of slag as an alternative road construction material. The design of road clothing for the construction of roads of different categories and the level of reduction of the ecological risk of the dump impact on the environment and health of the population of the region are determined.Practical significance. The practical application of the proposed approach was made for slag heaps of the metallurgical combines of Mariupol (Ukraine). The level of ecological safety of the region by reducing the amount of metallurgical slags can be increased by 27-30%, which will allow the company to obtain a total ecological and economic effect in the amount of 1.22 million UAH.

Prospects for new sites of wooly rhinoceros and mammoths on the territory of paleontological site in Starunia, Carpathian region

An international geopark “Park of the Ice Age” located near the Starunia village in Bohorodchany district of Ivano-Frankivsk region is world-famous for being a paleontological site of Pleistocene fauna of the woolly rhinoceroses and mammoth (the Eemian interglacial period, 46–10 000 years ago according to radiocarbon dating C14) and for its mud volcano which is unique in the Carpathian region. This is a geological nature monument with an area of 60 hectares where abandoned ozokerite mine and oil and gas exploratory boreholes are presented. The detailed investigations carried out in the years 2004–2009 by Ukrainian-Polish expeditions were focused on discoveries of possible new sites of fauna fossils and human remains of European early modem humans (EEMH).The future discoveries at the paleontological site of Starunia are extremely important. They intend to carry out ecological assessment of soil, surface and stream waters, atmospheric air, snow, ashes of meadow grasses, radiological screening, and geo-radar sensing to find new locations of extinct mammals. The Starunia area meets all the requirements of a geopark according to UNESCO standards and concepts. The first research findings (1907) are connected with the remains of woolly rhinoceros, mammoth, horse, roe deer and other Pleistocene mammals which had been found in the ozokerite mine at the depth of 12 m near Starunia (Bohorodchany district, Ivano-Frankivsk region). In 1914 the scientists from Lviv (Ukraine) and Krakow (Poland) fully appreciated these discoveries and published a set of articles and a monograph. In 1929 the members of the expedition of Skill Academy (Krakow, Poland) found the remains of three more woolly rhinoceroses in the ozokerite mine at the depth of 17 m. Numerous bones of vertebrates (rodents), remains of mussels, a lot of species of insects, beetles, parasitic worms, fleas, butterflies, spiders, snails, vascular plants, mosses, seeds and branches of dwarf birch (Betula Nana), alder (Alnus glutinosa), and other fossil of tundra flora were also discovered. Polish scientists organized detailed investigations of flora and fauna around Starunia, their results were published in articles but the World War II suspended this process. The investigations around Starunia intensified the comprehensive study of stratigraphy, paleontology, paleogeography, geochronology and other aspects of the Quaternary Period. In 1932 there was established the International Geological Congress (the International Union of Quaternary Study) by INQUA in Leningrad. The main methodological principals of this study dealt with the investigations around Starunia.