Overview on Temporary Abdominal Closure Techniques: A Review

Open abdomen (OA) is becoming more common, primarily to prevent intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) following emergency abdominal surgery. The purpose of temporary abdominal closure (TAC) techniques is no longer just abdomen coverage; fluid regulation and early fascial closure are now important considerations. TAC techniques for leaving the abdomen open are numerous. The ideal one should be simple to apply and remove, allow for quick access to a surgical second opinion, drain secretions, ease primary closure with acceptable morbidity and mortality, allow for easy nursing, and, finally, be readily available and inexpensive. Over the years, several TAC methods have been proposed. In this review, we overview different techniques for temporary abdominal closure and its advantages and disadvantages.

Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy for Primary Abdominal Compartment Syndrome in Rats

Recently, the stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 was shown to counteract major vessel occlusion syndromes, i.e., peripheral and/or central occlusion, while activating particular collateral pathways. We induced abdominal compartment syndrome (intra-abdominal pressure in thiopental-anesthetized rats at 25 mmHg (60 min), 30 mmHg (30 min), 40 mmHg (30 min), and 50 mmHg (15 min) and in esketamine-anesthetized rats (25 mmHg for 120 min)) as a model of multiple occlusion syndrome. By improving the function of the venous system with BPC 157, we reversed the chain of harmful events. Rats with intra-abdominal hypertension (grade III, grade IV) received BPC 157 (10 µg or 10 ng/kg sc) or saline (5 ml) after 10 min. BPC 157 administration recovered the azygos vein via the inferior–superior caval vein rescue pathway. Additionally, intracranial (superior sagittal sinus), portal, and caval hypertension and aortal hypotension were reduced, as were the grossly congested stomach and major hemorrhagic lesions, brain swelling, venous and arterial thrombosis, congested inferior caval and superior mesenteric veins, and collapsed azygos vein; thus, the failed collateral pathway was fully recovered. Severe ECG disturbances (i.e., severe bradycardia and ST-elevation until asystole) were also reversed. Microscopically, transmural hyperemia of the gastrointestinal tract, intestinal mucosa villi reduction, crypt reduction with focal denudation of superficial epithelia, and large bowel dilatation were all inhibited. In the liver, BPC 157 reduced congestion and severe sinusoid enlargement. In the lung, a normal presentation was observed, with no alveolar membrane focal thickening and no lung congestion or edema, and severe intra-alveolar hemorrhage was absent. Moreover, severe heart congestion, subendocardial infarction, renal hemorrhage, brain edema, hemorrhage, and neural damage were prevented. In conclusion, BPC 157 cured primary abdominal compartment syndrome.

Non-ICU-Based Staged Management of Laparotomy-Related Abdominal Compartment Syndrome in a 23-Year-Old Male

Introduction: Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) is a sustained intraabdominal pressure (IAP) of 20 mmHg or higher with new organ dysfunction. Decompression is required when IAP exceeds 25 mmHg even without evidence of organ dysfunction. Common abdominal surgical diseases and operations can be complicated by ACS, and clinicians should have the requisite capacity to detect and intervene early enough. Intensive care unit (ICU) care has traditionally been the mainstay of ACS management. Case Presentation: A 23-year-old male was referred with a combined mesh and Bogota bag anterior abdominal construct after a midline laparotomy 24 hours earlier, following which the abdominal wall could not be closed primarily without tension. This was the result of significant edema of the bowel and retroperitoneum. This patient, after adequate resuscitation, underwent a two-staged procedure, 6 days apart, to achieve skin closure. After an unremarkable skin healing, a mesh repair for the consequent incisional hernia was carried out 15 months later. Conclusions: This patient’s ACS was successfully managed in a non-ICU setting and could demonstrate the possibility of successfully managing selected cases of laparotomy-related ACS in low-resource settings without ICU facilities.

Gut Microbiota Was Involved in the Process of Liver Injury During Intra-Abdominal Hypertension

Background: Intestinal damage caused by intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) can lead to the ectopic gut microbiota, which can contribute to liver injury via portal veins. Therefore, it is speculated that gut microbiota disorder caused by IAH/ACS may result in liver injury. The relationship between gut microbiota and IAH/ACS-related liver injury was investigated in this study.Methods: A model of IAH was established in rats, and 16S rRNA sequencing was analyzed for gut microbiota in the feces of rats. The elimination of gut microbiota was completed by antibiotics gavage, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was used to change the composition of gut microbiota in rats.Results: In addition to the traditional cause of liver blood vessel compression, liver injury caused by IAH was also associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis. Gut microbiota clearance can relieve liver injury caused by IAH, while FMT from IAH-intervened rats can aggravate IAH-related liver injury.Conclusion: The gut microbiota was one of the most important factors contributing to the IAH-related liver injury, and the JNK/p38 signaling pathway was activated in this process.

SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF SEVERE PURULENT PERITONITIS WITH INTRAABDOMINAL HYPERTENSION COMPLICATIONS (CLINICAL CASE)

The widely used traditional method of surgical treatment of patients with widespread purulent peritonitis failed to establish itself as universal and has a large number of disadvantages, which prompts the use of new methods of managing patients in the postoperative period in surgical practice. The case described in the work illustrates the possibilities of a successful integrated approach in the treatment of diffuse purulent peritonitis against the background of Abdominal Compartment Syndrome, which includes the «Open abdomen» and «VAC-therapy» techniques, the use of which leads to a persistent decrease in both IАP and relief of the phenomena of purulent inflammation in the abdominal cavity. Conclusions. The use of VAC-therapy in combination with the «Open abdomen» technique leads to a persistent decrease in both ICP and relief of the phenomena of purulent inflammation in the abdominal cavity.

Abdominal Compartment Syndrome—When is Surgical Decompression Needed?

Compartment syndrome occurs when increased pressure inside a closed anatomical space compromises tissue perfusion. The sudden increase in pressure inside these spaces requires rapid decompression by means of surgical intervention. In the case of abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS), surgical decompression consists of a laparostomy. The aim of this review is to identify the landmarks and indications for the appropriate moment to perform decompression laparotomy in patients with ACS based on available published data. A targeted literature review was conducted on indications for decompression laparotomy in ACS. The search was focused on three conditions characterized by a high ACS prevalence, namely acute pancreatitis, ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm and severe burns. There is still a debate around the clinical characteristics which require surgical intervention in ACS. According to the limited data published from observational studies, laparotomy is usually performed when intra-abdominal pressure reaches values ranging from 25 to 36 mmHg on average in the case of acute pancreatitis. In cases of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm, there is a higher urgency to perform decompression laparotomy for ACS due to the possibility of continuous hemorrhage. The most conflicting recommendations on whether surgical treatment should be delayed in favor of other non-surgical interventions come from studies involving patients with severe burns. The results of the review must be interpreted in the context of the limited available robust data from observational studies and clinical trials.