The Use of Salvia macrosiphon and Lepidium sativum Linn. Seed Gums in Nanoencapsulation Processes: Improving Antioxidant Activity of Potato Skin Extract

In the present study, the effect of Salvia macrosiphon Seed Gum (SMSG) and Lepidium sativum Linn. Seed Gum (LSSG) as a coating agent on the properties of nanoencapsulated potato skin extract was studied. Moreover, the antioxidant effect of nanoencapsulated extract at a concentration of 1000 ppm incorporated into soybean oil was evaluated. The Z-average size of the emulsions stabilized by SMSG; LSSG; and a complex (1 : 1) of SMSG and LSSG (CSL) was estimated as 160.2, 144.3, and 115.2 nm. The encapsulation efficiency of phenolic extracts in the powders formed by SMSG, LSSG, and CSL was 82.39, 81.67, and 93.6% which declined to 45.28, 48.22, and 62.67% after storage for 40 days at 30°C. The results indicated that the use of coating agents for encapsulation enhanced their antioxidant effect and compared with TBHQ and free extract that nanoencapsulated extract by CSL had the highest antioxidant activity followed by LSSG nanoencapsulated extract and SMSG nanoencapsulated extract.

Evaluation of the Protective Effect of Salvia macrosiphon Boiss on the Serum Urea and Creatinine Levels in Renal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Background: Renal ischemia-reperfusion is known as the underlying pathophysiology of a variety of severe clinical disorders, such as acute renal failure. The use of antioxidants is one of the most important treatment strategies to reduce the ischemia-reperfusion induced injury due to the importance of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress during ischemia reperfusion. Salvia spices, especially Salvia macrosiphon Boiss, are rich in antioxidant compounds. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of these substances on renal ischemia reperfusion. Materials and Methods: In this study, 42 Wistar rats were divided into six groups of seven animals per group. The groups included a sham, a control, and four treatments. One of the treatment groups was treated with luteolin, and the other three groups were treated with different concentrations (50, 100, 150 mg/kg) of Salvia macrosiphon Boiss methanolic extract for 20 days before ischemia. After 24 hours following ischemia, blood samples were taken from the rats, and their serum creatinine and urea levels were evaluated. Results: Salvia macrosiphon Boiss extract (at the dose of 100 mg/kg) significantly reduced urea and creatinine levels (P<0.001). Moreover, Luteolin decreased both ceratinine (P<0.01) and urea (P<0.05) levels. Conclusion: This study confirmed the positive and significant effect of Salvia macrosiphon Boiss extract and Luteolin on the studied factors. The observed effect could be in part due to the potential antioxidant properties of flavonoids and methanol extract of Salvia macrosiphon Boiss.

Phytochemical constituents and biological activities of Salvia macrosiphon Boiss.

Salvia macrosiphon Boiss. is an aromatic perennial herb belonging to the family Lamiaceae. Phytochemical studies and biological activities of this plant have been rarely documented in the literature. The current study aimed to investigate antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of different fractions of aerial parts of S. macrosiphon. Also, we tried to isolate and identify cytotoxic compounds from the plant. In this respect, the hydroalcoholic extract of the corresponding parts of the plant was fractionated into four fractions. Then, antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of each fraction were examined. It was found that the chloroform fraction had a good antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The most potent cytotoxicity was also obtained by the n-hexane fraction comparing with etoposide as the reference drug which was selected for the study and characterization of secondary metabolites. Accordingly, 13-epi manoyl oxide (1), 6α-hydroxy-13-epimanoyl oxide (2), 5-hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavone (3), and β-sitosterol (4) were isolated and evaluated for their cytotoxic activity. Among them, compound 1 revealed significant cytotoxicity against A549, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231. It merits mentioning that it showed high selectivity index ratio regarding the low cytotoxic effects on Human Dermal Fibroblast which can be considered as a promising anticancer candidate.