Competitive effect between roughness and mask pattern on charging phenomena during plasma etching

In plasma etching process, the edge roughness and mask pattern usually play a significant role in the deformation of holes under the influence of charging effect. The competitive effect between these two factors has been investigated, focusing on the surface charging in a hexagonal array, with various values of roughness parameters (amplitude (A) and wavelength (W)) and distances between holes (L). A series of classical particle dynamic simulations of surface charging, surface etching and profile evolution were used to investigate the effect of roughness and pattern on charging. This study showed that various roughness and patterns (represented by different values of L) can significantly influence surface distributions of the electric-field (E-field) and the etching rates on the mask surface. The simulations also showed that (1) the shape of the pattern array influences the mask hole profile during etching process, i.e. a hexagonal array pattern tends to deform the profile of a circular mask hole into a hexagonal hole; (2) pattern roughness is aggravated during etching process. These factors were found to be significant only at a small feature pitch and may be ignored at a large feature pitch. Possible mechanisms of these results during etching process are discussed. This work sheds light on the ways to maintain pattern integrity and further improve the quality of the pattern transfer onto the substrate.

Geometric Mediator Structures, Transition Dynamics and Force Constants

It is shown in the present work that the distorted-space model of matter can describe conventional force-constants and transition-mediator structures. We use the verbiage “distorted” to communicate the concept of “energetic warping” to distinguish “spatial warping” from “classical matter warping”, although the concept of “matter” is in fact, in the present context, the “geometric distortion energy” of the spatial manifold itself without a classical “matter stressenergy source”. The “distorted-geometry” structures exhibit non-Newtonian features wherein the hole or core-region fields of the structures are energetically-repulsive (negative pressure), do not behave functionally in an r -4 manner and terminate at zero at the radial origin (no singularity). Near the core of the distortion the magnetic fields dominate the energy-densities of the structures thereby departing from classical particle-structure descriptions. Black-body radiation-emission and structural modeling lead to a description of transition dynamics and photonic entities.

Geometric Mediator Structures, Transition Dynamics and Force Constants

It is shown in the present work that the distorted-space model of matter can describe conventional force-constants and transition-mediator structures. We use the verbiage “distorted” to communicate the concept of “energetic warping” to distinguish “spatial warping” from “classical matter warping”, although the concept of “matter” is in fact, in the present context, the “geometric distortion energy” of the spatial manifold itself without a classical “matter stressenergy source”. The “distorted-geometry” structures exhibit non-Newtonian features wherein the hole or core-region fields of the structures are energetically-repulsive (negative pressure), do not behave functionally in an r -4 manner and terminate at zero at the radial origin (no singularity). Near the core of the distortion the magnetic fields dominate the energy-densities of the structures thereby departing from classical particle-structure descriptions. Black-body radiation-emission and structural modeling lead to a description of transition dynamics and photonic entities.

Geometric Mediator Structures, Transition Dynamics and Force Constants

It is shown in the present work that the distorted-space model of matter can describe conventional force-constants and transition-mediator structures. We use the verbiage “distorted” to communicate the concept of “energetic warping” to distinguish “spatial warping” from “classical matter warping”, although the concept of “matter” is in fact, in the present context, the “geometric distortion energy” of the spatial manifold itself without a classical “matter stressenergy source”. The “distorted-geometry” structures exhibit non-Newtonian features wherein the hole or core-region fields of the structures are energetically-repulsive (negative pressure), do not behave functionally in an r -4 manner and terminate at zero at the radial origin (no singularity). Near the core of the distortion the magnetic fields dominate the energy-densities of the structures thereby departing from classical particle-structure descriptions. Black-body radiation-emission and structural modeling lead to a description of transition dynamics and photonic entities.

Geometric Mediator Structures, Transition Dynamics and Force Constants

It is shown in the present work that the distorted-space model of matter can describe conventional force-constants and transition-mediator structures. We use the verbiage “distorted” to communicate the concept of “energetic warping” to distinguish “spatial warping” from “classical matter warping”, although the concept of “matter” is in fact, in the present context, the “geometric distortion energy” of the spatial manifold itself without a classical “matter stressenergy source”. The “distorted-geometry” structures exhibit non-Newtonian features wherein the hole or core-region fields of the structures are energetically-repulsive (negative pressure), do not behave functionally in an r -4 manner and terminate at zero at the radial origin (no singularity). Near the core of the distortion the magnetic fields dominate the energy-densities of the structures thereby departing from classical particle-structure descriptions. Black-body radiation-emission and structural modeling lead to a description of transition dynamics and photonic entities.

Dynamical symmetry breaking through AI: The dimer self-trapping transition

The nonlinear dimer obtained through the nonlinear Schrödinger equation has been a workhorse for the discovery the role nonlinearity plays in strongly interacting systems. While the analysis of the stationary states demonstrates the onset of a symmetry broken state for some degree of nonlinearity, the full dynamics maps the system into an effective [Formula: see text] model. In this later context, the self-trapping transition is an initial condition-dependent transfer of a classical particle over a barrier set by the nonlinear term. This transition that has been investigated analytically and mathematically is expressed through the hyperbolic limit of Jacobian elliptic functions. The aim of this work is to recapture this transition through the use of methods of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Specifically, we used a physics motivated machine learning model that is shown to be able to capture the original dynamic self-trapping transition and its dependence on initial conditions. Exploitation of this result in the case of the nondegenerate nonlinear dimer gives additional information on the more general dynamics and helps delineate linear from nonlinear localization. This work shows how AI methods may be embedded in physics and provide useful tools for discovery.

Geometric Mediator Structures, Transition Dynamics and Force Constants

It is shown in the present work that the distorted-space model of matter can describe conventional force-constants and transition-mediator structures. We use the verbiage “distorted” to communicate the concept of “energetic warping” to distinguish “spatial warping” from “classical matter warping”, although the concept of “matter” is in fact, in the present context, the “geometric distortion energy” of the spatial manifold itself without a classical “matter stress-energy source”. The “distorted-geometry” structures exhibit non-Newtonian features wherein the hole or core-region fields of the structures are energetically-repulsive (negative pressure), do not behave functionally in an r-4 manner and terminate at zero at the radial origin (no singularity). Near the core of the distortion the magnetic fields dominate the energy-densities of the structures thereby departing from classical particle-structure descriptions. Black-body radiation-emission and structural modeling lead to a description of transition dynamics and photonic entities.

Geometric Mediator Structures, Transition Dynamics and Force Constants

It is shown in the present work that the distorted-space model of matter can describe conventional force-constants and transition-mediator structures. We use the verbiage “distorted” to communicate the concept of “energetic warping” to distinguish “spatial warping” from “classical matter warping”, although the concept of “matter” is in fact, in the present context, the “geometric distortion energy” of the spatial manifold itself without a classical “matter stress-energy source”. The “distorted-geometry” structures exhibit non-Newtonian features wherein the hole or core-region fields of the structures are energetically-repulsive (negative pressure), do not behave functionally in an r-4 manner and terminate at zero at the radial origin (no singularity). Near the core of the distortion the magnetic fields dominate the energy-densities of the structures thereby departing from classical particle-structure descriptions. Black-body radiation-emission and structural modeling lead to a description of transition dynamics and photonic entities.

Swimming of a ludion in a stratified sea

We describe and model experimental results on the dynamics of a ‘ludion’ – a neutrally buoyant body – immersed in a layer of stably stratified salt water. By oscillating a piston inside a cylinder communicating with a narrow (in one of its horizontal dimensions) vessel containing the stably stratified layer of salt water, it is easy to periodically vary the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid. The ludion or Cartesian diver, initially positioned at its equilibrium height and free to move horizontally, can then oscillate vertically when forced by the pressure oscillations. Depending on the ratio of the forcing frequency to the Brunt–Väisälä frequency of the stratified fluid, the ludion can emit its own internal gravity waves that we measure by a classical particle image velocimetry technique. Our experimental results describe first the resonance of the vertical motions of the ludion when excited at different frequencies. A theoretical oscillator model is then derived taking into account added mass and added friction coefficients and its predictions are compared with the experimental data. Then, for the larger oscillation amplitudes, we observe and describe a bifurcation towards free horizontal motions. Although the internal gravity wave frequencies are affected by the Doppler shift induced by the horizontal displacement velocities, it seems that, contrary to surface waves associated with Couder walkers (Couder et al. Nature, vol. 437, 2005, p. 238) they are not the cause of the horizontal swimming. This does not, however, exclude possible interactions between the ludion and internal gravity waves and possible hydrodynamic quantum analogies to be explored in the future.

Optimization for the Redundancy Allocation Problem of Reliability Using an Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

This paper presents an enhanced and improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) approach to overcome reliability-redundancy allocation problems in series, series-parallel, and complex systems. The problems mentioned above can be solved by increasing the overall system reliability and minimizing the system cost, weight, and volume. To achieve this with these nonlinear constraints, an approach is developed based on PSO. In particular, the inertia and acceleration coefficients of the classical particle swarm algorithm are improved by considering a normal distribution for the coefficients. The new expressions can enhance the global search ability in the initial stage, restrain premature convergence, and enable the algorithm to focus on the local fine search in the later stage, and this can enhance the perfection of the optimization process. Illustrative examples are provided as proof of the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed approach. Results show that the overall system reliability is far better when compared with that of some approaches developed in previous studies for all three tested cases.