The Fear of Camp Life: Understand the Spatial Reality and Formation of Discourse

The paper makes an existentialist analysis of refugee Camps in West Bengal that came into being after the Indian Partition in 1947 when the state received a large number of asylum seekers from the-then East Pakistan. The objective of the paper is to discuss the construction of Camp life in terms of the affect of fear. Camps have been largely interpreted as the active agents of rehabilitation, space of political movements or supplier of informal labourers. The principal enquiry here however would be to interrogate if the camp is home for the refugees or it has a separate existential reality in the face of fear which goes beyond the questions of rehabilitation. Borrowed from Martin Heidegger’s Being and Time (1927) the concept of fear in this paper does not indicate any specific character or definite future. Rather, fear unfolds as an ‘affect’. In West Bengal, construction of the Camp by the government was presupposed for rehabilitation of the refugees from East Pakistan (Bangladesh). Hence, in-itself a Refugee Camp functioned to control the population by its norms, rules, and regulations. On the other hand, it was constructed as temporary shelter for the refugees. Therefore, the temporal character signifies how Camp constitutes the refugees through ‘care’ and how they encounter reality in that situational condition. The paper will not focus on fear as only as detrimental to the life of the refugees. Rather, it tries to show how the affect of fear may also unfold the possibility of that space by engaging with the elements of speech, silence or listening that constitutes the discourse of Camp. The paper would explore how as a temporary shelter of the refugees, Camp life has been constructed as a discourse in terms of spatial boundary and limits. Coopers Camp in Ranaghat, West Bengal here is taken as a case study to explicate the discourse of camp life in the light of fear and ontologically address the refugee question in post-Partition subcontinent.

Hubungan Gaya Kepemimpinan Ketua dan Efektivitas Kelompok Wanita Tani TOGA

Leadership in a group can be seen through its effectiveness in group productivity, and goal attainment rate. Leadership style is a factor that influencing group effectivity. there are four leadership style: directive, supportive, participative, and achievement-oriented. Group effectivity is parted into productivity rate and goal attainment rate. The research objective was to analyze the correlation between leadership style and group effectivity. A census was conducted at Benteng Village involving two KWTs, namely KWT Benteng Sejahtera (14 members) and KWT Puring (17 members). Data were collected through questionnaires, direct observation, and in-depth interviews. Data were analyzed using Rank Spearman correlation. Research’s results showed that the leadership style of KWT Puring and KWT Benteng Sejahtera are not dominated by just one style, the KWT leaders are showing the effectiveness in a situational condition. KWT Puring and KWT Benteng Sejahtera’s Participative leadership style are correlated with productivity rate, while KWT Benteng Sejahtera’s achievement-oriented leadership style is correlated with goal attainment rate.Keywords: goal attainment rate, leadership style, productivity rate, women farmer groups ABSTRAK Kepemimpinan dalam kelompok berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan anggota dan pencapaian tujuan kelompok. Gaya kepemimpinan ketua merupakan faktor yang mempengaruhi efektivitas kelompok, termasuk kelompok wanita tani (KWT). Terdapat empat gaya kepemimpinan: direktif, suportif, partisipatif, dan achievement-oriented. Efektivitas kelompok dapat dilihat dari tingkat partisipasi anggota dan tingkat pencapaian tujuan kelompok. Tujuan penelitan ini adalah menganalisis hubungan antara gaya kepemimpinan dan efektivitas kelompok. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Desa Benteng, Ciampea, Kabupaten Bogor, dengan kasus KWT Benteng Sejahtera (14 anggota) dan KWT Puring (17 anggota). Data diperoleh secara sensus, didukung wawancara mendalam dan pengamatan langsung di lapangan. Data diolah menggunakan Rank Spearman untuk melihat hubungan antara gaya kepemimpinan, dukungan eksternal, kedinamisan kelompok dan efektivitas kelompok. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada gaya kepemimpinan yang dominan dilakukan oleh ketua KWT Puring maupun KWT Benteng Sejahtera karena ketua lebih mengutamakan situasi yang akan dihadapi. Gaya kepemimpinan partisipatif ketua KWT Puring dan KWT Benteng Sejahtera menunjukkan hubungan positif dengan tingkat partisipasi, sedangkan gaya kepemimpinan achievement-oriented ketua KWT Benteng Sejahtera berhubungan positif dengan tingkat pencapaian tujuan kelompok.Kata kunci : gaya kepemimpinan, kelompok wanita tani, tingkat pencapaian tujuan, tingkat partisipasi.

Towards a Formulation of a Philosophical Base for Education in South Africa

The reconstruction of educational practice in South Africa, should have as an aim the accommodation of local realities. It is argued that this can be achieved when educational practice is inspired by a specific idea of what it means to be fully human. A definition is given of what is meant by the term ‘humanness’ in the following terms: Full humanness exists where a person achieves agency. Agency can be conceptualized in terms of the three phenomena — autonomy, reflexivity and mutuality, the latter being the situational condition for the existence of the former. Autonomy and reflexivity develop on two conditions: (1) where the intersubjective experiences of a person are open and take place in a spirit of mutuality and through talk; and (2) where the moral order which regulates the intersubjectivity, protects both autonomy and reflexivity. In turn, the moral order should also be protected by the intersubjective context. Two paradoxical positions are therefore emphasized: humanness as an expression of agency and the moral order which supports the agency. Further thoughts are given on how this idea of full humanness differs from what has up to now dominated the educational scene, also on why it should lead to its improvement.

Effects of I-E Control and Instructional Set on Actual and Estimated Performance in an Angle-Matching Task

The personality variable of internal-external locus of control and the situational condition variables of chance, moderate-skill, and high-skill conditions were investigated in the context of an angle-matching task with 184 volunteer college students. As predicted, the situational condition (instructional set) effect was more powerful than the I-E personality effect on both actual and estimated performance. The performance of external Ss was less consistent across situational conditions than that of internal Ss for both measures.