[APPROACHES AND ROLE OF DAKWAH AL-AZHAR GRADUATE THROUGH INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION AL-AZHAR GRADUATE IN RIAU (OIAA RIAU) IN SPREADING ISLAMIC DAKWAH IN RIAU: AN INITIAL REVIEW]

This article discusses the role of dakwah of the al-Azhar graduates of Egypt through the International Organization Al-Azhar Graduate in Riau (OIAA) in spreading Islamic dakwah in Riau, using descriptive and Islahi ijtima'i methods. In this study, the author finds that the use approach wasatiah, that is, trying to be an intermediary in a community problem so that it can be an improvement of society in a direction that can accept differences of opinion (Islahi ijtima'i). This study proves that some graduates of al-Azhar, Egypt, namely Musthafa Umar and Abdul Somad became scholars who are popular with the people, do not hold a single proposition of scholars or certain hadith, but try to present many propositions and hadiths to the community, so the community is told to choose propositions appropriate to their respective abilities. So the role of graduation in preaching is very important to understand the community in worship and dealing.. Tulisan ini membahas tentang peranan dakwah para alumni al-Azhar Mesir melalui organisasi international alumi al-Azhar Riau (OIAA) dalam menyebarkan dakwah Islam di Riau, dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif dan Islahi ijtima’i. dalam kajian ini penulis mendapati bahawa para alumni berdakwah menggunakan pendekatan wasatiah iaitu berusaha menjadi pemudah cara dalam sebuah permasalahan masyarakat sehingga boleh menjadi perbaikan masyarakat ke arah yang boleh menerima perbezaan pendapat (Islahi ijtima’i). Kajian ini ini membuktikan bahawa salah seorang alumni al-Azhar Mesir iaitu Musthafa Umar dan Abdul Somad menjadi ulama yang disenangi masyarakat, tidak memegang satu dalil pendapat ulama atau hadis tertentu akan tetapi berusaha menyajikan dalil dan hadis yang banyak kepada masyarakat, serta menyerahkan kepada mereka untuk memilih dalil yang sesuai dengan kemampuan masing-masing. Justeru peranan Alumni dalam berdakwah sangat penting untuk memahami masyarakat dalam beribadah dan bermuamalah.

Basic operations on propositions

Chapter 3 considers what the basic operations are that can be performed on propositions in inquisitive semantics. In the classical setting, where propositions are simple sets of worlds, one can form the intersection or the union of two propositions, or the complement of a single proposition. These operations play a central role in logic and in semantic analyses of natural languages: conjunction and disjunction are standardly taken to express intersection and union, respectively, while negation is standardly taken to express complementation. It is shown that these operations have natural counterparts in the inquisitive setting, even though propositions are no longer simple sets of worlds.

Diverging Ways: On the Trajectories of Ontology in Parmenides, Aristotle, and Deleuze

Abraham Jacob Greenstine’s “Diverging Ways: On the Trajectories of Ontology in Parmenides, Aristotle, and Deleuze” asks what is ontology – how do we speak being? Starting from Deleuze’s claim that there is only one ontology, Greenstine successively interrogates the projects of Parmenides, Aristotle, and Deleuze. These three, in dialogue with one another, agree that there is some discourse on being, but disagree about its scope, method, and content. For Parmenides, ontology is a path to the truth, a narrative that leads us to attributes of being itself. For Aristotle, ontology is a knowledge of the first principles, an account that clarifies the many senses of being in order to recognize the divine cause of being itself. For Deleuze, ontology expresses only a single proposition, and being has but a single attribute: being is univocal. By contrasting these projects, Greenstine seeks to outline ontology as such.

Building a single proposition from imagistic and categorical components

Bimodal bilingual language provides further evidence for the viewpoint advocated by Goldin-Meadow & Brentari (G-M&B) that sign, speech, and gesture work together to create a single proposition, illustrating the potential in each set of articulators for both imagistic and categorical components. Recent advances in formal semantics provide a framework for incorporating both imagistic and categorical components into a single compositional system.

Nandao-Questions as a Special Kind of Rhetorical Questions

This paper addresses the syntax and semantics of a special kind of Rhetorical Questions (RQs) in Mandarin, i.e. questions with nandao (nandao-Q). Nandao-Qs necessarily have rhetorical question readings. To derive this, I propose that nandao is a WH-word which takes a question denoting a single proposition and turns it into a set with the complement proposition. This analysis differs significantly from earlier proposals for deriving RQ meanings as asserting the negation of the proposition denoted by its IP (cf. Sadock 1979, Han 2002, a.o.). The degenerate question nature of nandao-Q can explain why nandao-Q unlike Ordinary Questions (OQs) cannot be embedded under [+wh] selecting words like wen and zhidao.

Constitutional, Criminal, Civil

With a view to elaborating a developmental theory of constitutionalism in the United States, this essay explores the relationship among constitutional, criminal, and civil law. It supports, with relevant case materials, a single proposition: civil litigants are afforded contested constitutional protections in federal court to the extent that the judges attribute an aspect of criminality to the underlying facts or issues in question. The essay tests this proposition in the areas of punitive damages, double jeopardy, and constitutional torts; discusses the mirroring of the stipulated pattern in legal maneuvering on constitutional issues; and briefly spells out its implications for the larger theory.

The Difference Between Modal Verbs in Deontic and Epistemic Modality

Modality is always interesting to discuss. Understanding it is crucial for both language teachers and learners. This essay discusses the concept of modality, its types and uses. It has a goal to find the difference between deontic and epistemic modality that is indicated by their modal verbs. It also provides the readers a better understanding of modality, particularly of its types and uses. The result of the analysis shows that in general, deontic modality indicates obligation and permission, while epistemic modality expresses possibility and prediction. However, the difference between deontic and epistemic modality is not a clear cut, since one single modal verb can express both types, and one single proposition can be expressed by more than one modal verb.

Nandao-Questions as a Special Kind of Rhetorical Questions

This paper addresses the syntax and semantics of a special kind of Rhetorical Questions (RQs) in Mandarin, i.e. questions with nandao (nandao-Q). Nandao-Qs necessarily have rhetorical question readings. To derive this, I propose that nandao is a WH-word which takes a question denoting a single proposition and turns it into a set with the complement proposition. This analysis differs significantly from earlier proposals for deriving RQ meanings as asserting the negation of the proposition denoted by its IP (cf. Sadock 1979, Han 2002, a.o.). The degenerate question nature of nandao-Q can explain why nandao-Q unlike Ordinary Questions (OQs) cannot be embedded under [+wh] selecting words like wen and zhidao.

The acquisition of German relative clauses: A case study*

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the development of relative clauses in the speech of one German-speaking child aged 2 ; 0 to 5 ; 0. The earliest relative clauses we found in the data occur in topicalization constructions that are only a little different from simple sentences: they contain a single proposition, express the actor prior to other participants, assert new information and often occur with main-clause word order. In the course of the development, more complex relative constructions emerge, in which the relative clause is embedded in a fully-fledged main clause. We argue that German relative clauses develop in an incremental fashion from simple non-embedded sentences that gradually evolve into complex sentence constructions.

A Complexity Gap for Tree-Resolution

<p>It is shown that any sequence psi_n of tautologies which expresses the<br />validity of a fixed combinatorial principle either is "easy" i.e. has polynomial<br />size tree-resolution proofs or is "difficult" i.e requires exponential<br />size tree-resolution proofs. It is shown that the class of tautologies which<br />are hard (for tree-resolution) is identical to the class of tautologies which<br />are based on combinatorial principles which are violated for infinite sets.<br />Actually it is shown that the gap-phenomena is valid for tautologies based<br />on infinite mathematical theories (i.e. not just based on a single proposition).<br />We clarify the link between translating combinatorial principles (or<br />more general statements from predicate logic) and the recent idea of using<br /> the symmetrical group to generate problems of propositional logic.<br />Finally, we show that it is undecidable whether a sequence psi_n (of the<br />kind we consider) has polynomial size tree-resolution proofs or requires<br />exponential size tree-resolution proofs. Also we show that the degree of<br />the polynomial in the polynomial size (in case it exists) is non-recursive,<br />but semi-decidable.</p><p>Keywords: Logical aspects of Complexity, Propositional proof complexity,<br />Resolution proofs.</p><p> </p>